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CHAPTER 8, part 1: PRIMARY TEXTS



The Primary Text resource contains works by these ancient Greek authors:
Aeschines
Aeschylus
Andocides
Antiphon
Apollodorus
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Bacchylides
Demades
Demosthenes
Dinarchus
Diodorus Siculus
Euripides
Herodotus
Hesiod
Homer
Homeric Hymns
Hyperides
Isaeus
Isocrates
Lycurgus
Lysias
Pausanias
Pindar
Plato
Plutarch
Pseudo-Xenophon
Sophocles
Strabo
Thucydides
Xenophon
Perseus 2.0 contains selections from the works of Aristotle, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and Plutarch. The other authors are complete, but fragmentary texts are not included in this version, except in the cases of Bacchylides, the Homeric Hymns, and Hyperides. Each Primary Text has an English translation. In many cases, the texts are accompanied by notes. Notes from the Loeb editions are given for Aeschines, Aeschylus, Andocides, Antiphon, Demades, Demosthenes, Dinarchus, Diodorus, Herodotus, Hesiod, Hyperides, Isaeus, Isocrates, Lycurgus, Lysias, Pausanias, Plato, Plutarch, Pseudo-Xenophon, and Xenophon. Although some notes are attached to the Greek text (Plato, Symposium, and Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus ), most are on the English translation. Aristophanes' Clouds, Lysistrata and Acharnians have English translations and accompanying notes by Jeffrey Henderson. Several plays by Euripides were translated and annotated by David Kovacs: Andromache, Cyclops, Heraclides, Hippolytus and Medea. The Pindar and Bacchylides translations, both by Diane Svarlien, include her notes. Other notes are those prepared for the Loeb series by J. G. Frazer (Apollodorus), W. H. Fyfe (Aristotle, Poetics), J. H. Freese (Aristotle, Rhetoric), H. Tredennick (Aristotle, Metaphysics), Oldfather, Sherman and Welles (Diodorus Siculus), and H. L. Jones (Strabo).

Primary Texts are accessible from the Primary Text Index, which is reached from the Gateway and the Links menu. Texts can also be reached from the Lookup tool (see section 4.5.1).



8.1 PRIMARY TEXTS INDEX

To go to the Primary Texts Index from the Gateway, click the icon. Or from anywhere in Perseus, choose Primary Texts from the Links Menu .

Figure 8.1 Primary Text Index alphabetically by author.

Choose an index from the pop-up menu Index Types.Primary Texts are indexed in the following four ways: alphabetically by author, by form (dactylic hexameter, drama, lyric and prose), by genre (Biography, Comedy, etc.) and chronologically by date of the work. When alphabetical sort is invoked, an alphabetical list of authors appears. When an author is selected, a list of that author's works appears on the right (figure 8.1).

The following illustration of Primary Text features will use the First Olympian of Pindar.

> From the Primary Text Index (alphabetically by author) scroll down and click on Pindar.

A list of that author's works appears. In figure 8.1, Pindar has been selected, and the available works of Pindar appear in the list on the right.

> To select a work, click its title. In this case, click Olympian 1.

A text card appears, displaying the beginning of the work.


8.2 PRIMARY TEXTS DISPLAY

The default display of a Primary Text is two columns, Greek on the left and the translation on the right. Figure 8.2 shows an example of a Primary Text display.

Figure 8.2 Primary Text display.

Primary Texts have several utilities on the card and a Text menu, described below.

8.2.1 TITLE

The title of the work appears at the top of each Primary Text card. In the top right is additional title information, if appropriate.

8.2.2 TEXT REFERENCE

The chapter and section or line reference in the current work is shown at the left of the utility bar.

8.2.3 METER OR STRUCTURE

If the current text is in verse, metrical or strophe information is shown in the area next to the text reference.

Note that the structure of the First Olympian is given, with current strophe, epode and antistrophe appearing in this area. Also, the entire structural unit has been made to fit on one text card whenever practical.

If the text is a forensic speech, this area may display information about its structure. If the text is a prose work, nothing appears in this location.

8.2.4 UTILITY BAR

The Utility Bar has five buttons that allow you to access, analyze the text and modify the text interface (figure 8.3).

Figure 8.3 Utility bar.

Go to...
This utility allows you to go to a specific reference in the current text. The location is identified by chapter and section or by line, depending on the canonical reference system for that work. The title of the current work is shown at the top of each Primary Text display.

You may use the Go To feature to move to different references within the current work. You may also use Go To to move around in authors such as Herodotus and Homer, whose lengthy works consist of many books on several stacks. However, you cannot use the Go To feature to move to a location in a different work when that work is in a different stack, nor can you use it to go to work by a different author.

> Go to another line in the first Olympian.

When you click Go To, a dialog box appears for you to type in the chapter and section or line that you want to see (figure 8.4). Click the Go button to see the passage you selected. (You can also press Return if you have just typed in the reference.)

Figure 8.4 Using the Go To feature.

The syntax for entering chapter, section, and line numbers varies depending on the canonical reference system in use for that work. For example, to use the Go To feature in Herodotus, type 3.2.1 to go to Book 3, chapter 2, section 1. If you wish, simply type 3 (with no section or line number) to go to the beginning of Book 3. In another example, if you are in the text of The Libation Bearers by Aeschylus, type 45 in the Go To box to go to line 45.

Note that the Go To dialog box shows the canonical abbreviation for this author and work that is required by the Lookup tool when you use it as a shortcut. For more information, refer to the instructions in chapter 4.5.1.

When you bring up the Go To dialog box, it contains your current location in the text expressed as a canonical reference, i.e., in the correct syntax for Perseus to look up the passage.

You cannot go to the text of another author using the Go To feature. Use the Lookup tool in the Links menu to go directly to another text reference.

Find Text...
Find Text allows you to search for a phrase, a word, or part of a word in the current work. You can search for Greek or English text. This search utility is limited to the work of the author you have selected. The Browser and the Philological Tools provide more complex search utilities.

When you click Find Text, a dialog box appears for you to enter the text that you want to find. The dialog box also has a pop-up menu to choose whether you want to search for Greek or English text (figure 8.5).

> Find other instances of words beginning with in Pindar's First Olympian.

Figure 8.5 Using the "Find text" feature.

Highlight from in line 1 of the First Olympian. Click the button Find Text. A dialog window appears with in the the Search For box. Click Search. The next occurrence of the text string is located and surrounded by a frame in the Primary Text display. (Strings are discussed in section 8.4.1 below.) Click Find Text again to repeat the search.

To type accented Greek into the Search For box, you must have GreekKeys 7.0 installed in your system. Please read "A note on typing Greek" in section 8.4.1 below.

To search for an English word or string of letters, choose English from the pop-up menu, lower left. Type the desired string into the Search For box and click Search.

NOTE: Usual Macintosh procedure is to double-click the mouse to select a word. The accents do not allow this action in the Greek font, however. You must click-drag the mouse in order to select a whole Greek word.

When all occurrences of the text in this work have been found and the search cycle begins to repeat itself, a dialog box informs you that the first piece of text has been found again.

For more powerful searches, use the Greek Word Search to look for all instances of a Greek word in Primary Texts. Use the English Index to look for instances of an English word.

See Note
Almost all of the texts are accompanied by notes on the translation. See below for notes based on the Greek text. The notes vary in their scope and length, and are indicated by asterisks in the text.

> Go to Svarlien's note on lines 8-11 of Pindar's First Olympian.

Select the asterisk following the line "enfolds the wisdom of poets" in the English text. Click the button See Note. The note appears in a new window, which can be left open as you work on the text (figure 8.6).You can page through the notes using the Forward and Backward arrows on the Navigator Palette. Click See Note in Text to return to the annotated passage. Close the Notes window by clicking the box in the upper left.

Figure 8.6 Note to English text of Pindar's First Olympian.

The Notes feature does not demand a precise selection of the asterisk. If you select a portion of the text preceding and following the asterisk, the correct note will still appear. If the text you select is keyed to more than one note, a list of possible notes will appear, and you can select one from the list.

Two works have notes keyed to the Greek text. Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus has notes by Sir Richard Jebb, and Plato's Symposium has extensive notes by Gilbert Rose, from the Bryn Mawr Classical Commentary (the English text of the Symposium contains the Loeb notes as well). Notes in the Greek text are not signaled by asterisks. To bring up the notes, select some Greek text within the line (figure 8.7). Click on See Note. A dialog window will appear. In the example in figure 8.7, there are three notes to line 1 of the OT. Click the note you wish to see, then click Go There. The note appears in a new window, and behaves just like the notes to English text described above. Please remember to hold down the Shift key when clicking Go There in order to keep the text window open.

See below for information on how to access Greek and English notes from the Text menu.

Figure 8.7 Notes to Greek Text.

The note stacks are titled by their source (in the example shown in figure 8.6, Pindar Svarlien Notes (E)). The title of the note is a numerical reference that indicates the relevant section of the Primary Text or translation and a note number. For example, Soph. Jebb (gk), OT 1 (1) in the figure above indicates Sophoces, Jebb note on Greek text of Oedipus Tyrannus, line 1, first of three notes on that line.

Some notes have references to other ancient texts. When these works are part of Perseus, the citation is underlined. You can select the reference and choose Lookup from the Links menu to access it directly.

Analyze
The Analyze button provides access to the Morphological Analysis tool, which parses Greek words to their dictionary form. The example will continue to draw from Pindar's First Olympian.

> Analyze the form of a Greek verb.

Select from line 4 of the First Olympian. Click Analyze. Perseus analyzes on a Morphological Analysis card, showing the dictionary form of the word, and its parse (figure 8.8). You can then use the dictionary form of the word to conduct further searches in selected authors and works. See below for more information on the Philological Tools.

Figure 8.8 Analysis of from text of Pindar.

Even if you have placed a word in the "Find text" field, you must highlight it using standard Macintosh techniques before using Analyze.

The parse "pres ind mp 2nd sg epic ionic" is explained in Online help for the Morphological Analysis philological tool. For more information on Online help, see chapter 3.3.

Primary Text Display

Primary texts can be displayed as two columns (Greek on the left, English on the right) or two rows (Greek on the top, English on the bottom). The Primary Text display is controlled by a button at the right of the screen, below the additional title information. The Primary Text display button shows two outlines of the display choices. You can also change the width of the columns or height of the rows to see more of the Greek or English text at one time. The default Primary Text display is two equal columns.

> Click the right half of the Primary Text display button to change the format of the text to rows rather than columns.

The Primary Text is now displayed in two rows.

> Click the left half of the Primary Text display button to return the format of the text to columns.

Note that the vertical dividing line between the columns has a dark, wide marker at its top. This marker can be dragged to the left or right to change the width of the columns.

> Point the cursor over the dark, wide marker at the top of the column dividing line.

When the cursor is over the marker, the cursor becomes a vertical bar with arrows on either side (Field-expander mode).

> Drag the marker to the left. Point the cursor over the marker again and drag it to the far right.

Note how the widths of the columns change according to the place where you released the mouse button. If you switch the display to rows, change the height of the rows by finding the marker at the left of the horizontal dividing line.

The effect of changing the display and enlarging the area containing the Greek text is particularly effective when working with poetry (figure 8.9).

Figure 8.9 Text card with display changed.

The changed text display settings will remain in effect for all Text cards throughout your Perseus session, but will return to the default two-column setting when you quit HyperCard.


8.3 TEXT MENU The Text menu (figure 8.10) lets you discover what notes, if any, are available for the current card and what other information on the text is available. It also lists four font sizes for the display of the Primary Text: 10 point, 12 point, 14 point, and display (large) size.

Figure 8.10 Text menu.

NOTES FOR THIS CARD

When you choose Notes for This Card from the Text menu, a dialog box appears showing a complete list of the notes to the text on the current card. The list does not show all notes for the current text, only the section of the work currently viewed on the screen. When the list appears, choose a text note and click Go There.

This feature is especially useful in the two texts where the notes are not marked by asterisks-Plato's Symposium and Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus.

OTHER INFORMATION

When you choose Other Information from the Text menu, a dialog box appears showing a list of information available in Perseus about the current text (figure 8.11).

Figure 8.11 Other Information about the text within Perseus.

For most texts, the list includes a biography of the author in the encyclopedia and a reference to any stack with notes for this text.

When the list appears, choose a resource and click Go There.

FONT SETTINGS: 10, 12, 14, DISPLAY

When you choose 10, 12, 14, or Display from the Text menu, the font size of the Greek and English text changes to the selected display size.

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