CHAPTER 3: TOURING PERSEUS

Familiarity with Perseus resources and navigation may be best gained in context. Two guided tours demonstrate walks through Perseus. Tour 1 focuses on the Sanctuary of Aphaia, its environs, and related artifacts. The tour concentrates on art and archaeology in Perseus, with some crossover to such other resources as the Atlas, the Encyclopedia, and an ancient text. Tour 2 focuses on primary texts and Prometheus as a character in literature. It includes an investigation of constraint as a concept in Aeschylus and concludes by glancing at archaeological information about theaters in ancient Greece.

Both tours are recorded in a Perseus Path that can be selected from the Path Index. When you use a Path to follow the guided tours, Perseus will function as an autopilot; once you have selected one of the guided tours as the current path, you simply click the right arrow of the Path icon on the Navigator to progress through the footprints of the path. The only skills needed for the guided tours are the ability to select a path and the ability to click the right arrow on the Path icon.

3.1 USING THE GUIDED TOURS

The guided tours are stored on the Path stack, which should have been copied to the Perseus folder on your hard drive during installation. As described in the set-up procedure, you may wish to copy and rename the Path stack to maintain your own version of it. In addition, clicking the Settings icon on the Gateway will identify the location and exact name of your Path stack on your hard drive.

As you move through the tours, each new location is accompanied by a small note that appears in a separate floating window. You can reposition this note window on your screen or close it by clicking the box in its upper left-hand corner. The notes indicate features of the current card and your location in the guided tour.

Remember: If you are ever lost or unsure of your location on a path, two procedures can help you regain your sense of navigation. One is to click the left arrow of the Path icon on the Navigator to retrace your steps on the current path. The second is to choose, from the Perseus Menu, the Current Path Card option. This card shows a layout of the path. You can select any location on this layout, see its corresponding notes, and go directly to the path location.

This icon is the Path icon, with its Path Previous and Path Next arrows (left and right arrows, respectively). Use the Path Next arrow on the Navigator to move to the next path location. (Path locations are often referred to as footprints.) Experiment as much as you like when you are on each path location. Clicking the Path Previous or Path Next arrows will always move you to the previous or next footprint on the path.

This icon is the Perseus icon. In the guided tours, the Perseus icon indicates that you can follow the locations of the guided tour but get there yourself instead of using the Path icon on the Navigator. In effect, it means the tour is under manual control instead of autopilot.

Under the Perseus pull-down menu, release the mouse button on Path Index.

The Path Index appears, listing the two guided tours.

3.2 GUIDED TOUR 1

Tour 1 focuses on the Sanctuary of Aphaia, its environs, and related artifacts.

When you are on the Path Index, click the title of Tour 1 once to select it.

Click Go To Path in the upper right-hand corner to begin walking this path.

The Path Card for this guided tour appears in figure 3.1. It provides a brief overview of the stops in this tour.

Figure 3.1 Path Card for Guided Tour 1

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 1

Click the Art & Archaeology icon on the Gateway.

Click All sites under the Sites heading of the Art & Archaeology Index.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 1

You have reached the first location of the tour, the Site Index.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 2

Click Aegina, Sanctuary of Aphaia.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 2

You have reached the Site Summary of Aegina, Sanctuary of Aphaia. Read the information in the summary. To gain a sense of Aegina and its environs, you may wish to look at photographs. Scroll down in the Plans & Views field, and click some entries under Photographs. If you are viewing digitized images, remember to close the photograph windows when you wish to continue. The next location provides a more detailed description of Aegina.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 3

Click Description in the upper-right hand corner of the Site Summary.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 3

You have reached the Site Description of Aegina, Sanctuary of Aphaia. Read the information in the description. Next, you will see where Aegina is in the Greek World.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 4

From the Links Menu, choose Atlas.

From the Map List, click Greek World under General Maps.

From the Atlas Menu, choose Locate Sites.

Select Aegina, Sanctuary of Aphaia, from the list.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 4

The Atlas shows the plotted site of Aegina.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 5

Click the small dot of the plotted site, Aegina. The site name is placed in a small floating window.

From the Links Menu, choose Sites. You will go to the Site Summary of Aegina.

Click Small Composite Site Plan under Views.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 5

The Small Composite Site Plan shows the complex structure of the Sanctuary of Aphaia. This plan is complex, showing all the phases of construction from the eighth through the fifth centuries B.C. To watch the growth of the sanctuary, use the Construction Phases pop-up menu .

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 6

Click any area on the Small Composite Site Plan of the sanctuary.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 6

You may wish to see an enlarged plan of the sanctuary. This location shows the Large Site Plan. Use the scroll window to see different parts of the sanctuary.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 7

From the Plan Menu, choose Show Image Buttons.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 7

Now that you have seen the small and large site plans, you may wish to see photographs of the sanctuary from ground-level perspectives. At this location, image buttons indicate available photographs. Try clicking some to see the ground-level views. If you are viewing digitized images, remember to close the photograph windows when you are ready to continue.

You may wonder about various buildings indicated on the plan. Click on a building to see a dialog box that identifies the building and offers you the choice of seeing a site plan of that particular building, seeing its associated catalog card, or canceling to remain in the large site plan. Choose the Cancel option for now when you click the buildings to identify them.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 8

Click buildings on the large site plan until you find the Temple of Aphaia.

As an alternative, choose Architecture from the Links Menu. On the Architecture Index, select Site as the Index Type. Click Aegina, Sanctuary of Aphaia, as the site, then Aegina, Temple of Aphaia, from the list of structures.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 8

The Temple of Aphaia is an architectural structure at Aegina. This stop is an architectural summary of the temple. A number of plans and views of this structure are available. Click as many as you wish to see views, models and fragments of the building, and associated architectural sculpture. If you are viewing digitized images, remember to close the image windows before continuing.

The word "peripteral" may not be familiar to you. The next stop will help you with this word.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 9

Select the word "peripteral," then choose Encyclopedia from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 9

The Encyclopedia contains an entry titled Peripteral, indicating that it is used to describe a temple whose cella is surrounded by a covered colonnade. Look at a drawing by clicking Illustration in the upper-right corner. Remember to close the illustration window when you wish to continue.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 10

Click the Go Back icon on the Navigator until you have returned to the Architecture Summary for the Temple of Aphaia.

Click the Description button to see the Architecture Description of this structure.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 10

After the short diversion to the Encyclopedia, the guided tour returns to the architecture catalog, this time to a more detailed description of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina. In front of the temple was an altar, a separate structure but one intimately connected with the temple. Such closely related objects are often included in the See Also section of the description.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 11

Click Aegina, Altar of Aphaia, under See Also.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 11

The Altar of Aphaia also has a summary and description. To see the location of this structure relative to the site, click Locate Building. The large site plan will appear, and the location of the structure will flash.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 12

Click the Go Back icon on the Navigator to return to the description of the Temple of Aphaia.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 12

The tour has returned to the Temple of Aphaia description, with the plan information highlighted. The temple was decorated with sculptures in its pediment. To look at a sculpture, specifically West Pediment 2, continue the path.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 13

Under See Also in the description of the temple, click Aegina, West Pediment 2.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 13

The tour has jumped to the sculpture catalog, to the summary of West Pediment 2. In Perseus, groups of sculptural figures often have one general entry and then a series of individual entries for each figure. You are now at the general entry for the West Pediment.

Read the information on the sculpture, then review the list of reconstruction drawings. Click the large plan for this pediment. Go to the next footprint without closing the image window. If necessary, resize the image using the resizing box in the lower right-hand corner, and move it to a convenient place on your screen. This is an image window that will hide the effects of using the Navigator if the image covers the active HyperCard window.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 14

Click Description on the summary of the Aegina, West Pediment 2, sculpture.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 14

You have kept open the large reconstruction drawing of the West Pediment of the temple. This stop offers a more detailed description of the pediment. As you read, scroll around the drawing window to match images and description.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 15

Under See Also, click Aegina, Temple of Aphaia, to return to the main architectural summary.

Click Description on the temple summary, then click East Pediment 2 under See Also.

On the summary of the East Pediment, click Description.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 15

Both East and West pediments of the Temple of Aphaia depicted the same scene, but they were carved perhaps a decade apart at a time when Greek sculpture was undergoing radical transformations. There are great stylistic and compositional differences between the two pediments, so the tour has stopped at the description of the East Pediment of the temple.

A text reference appears in the description. This example shows how Perseus can help you explore the relations between art and archaeological objects and primary texts. The next stop brings you directly to this text reference.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 16

Choose Enter Destination from the Links Menu.

Type "Apollod. 2.5.9" in the floating window, then choose Primary Texts from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 16

This stop brings you to a text by Apollodorus, describing a particular campaign depicted in the pediment. Apollodorus is the only author in this version of Perseus whose works have commentary in the Notes field. Toggle between the Translation and Notes before going to the next footprint.

Next, the path will enable you to examine and compare a figure on the pediments.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 17

Choose Sculpture under the Links Menu.

Choose Associated Building as the Index Type, then click Aegina, Temple of Aphaia.

Toggle the Title/Catalog button to activate the Title choice.

Scroll down the list on the right, and click "Aegina, W. Ped. 2, fig. W1: Athena" to see the summary of this figure.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 17

This stop on the tour offers a way to examine and compare the figure of Athena (figure 1) on the East and West pediments. Look at the front view of the upper figure by clicking the view. If you are using digitized images, do not close the image--the next footprint takes you to Athena of the East Pediment (E1) for comparison.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 18

Click Index on the summary of the W1 figure.

Click "Aegina, E. Ped. 2, fig. E1: Athena" to see the summary of this figure.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 18

You have read the summary of the E1 figure of Athena and have seen an image of it. Now you can compare the figure on the East Pediment to the corresponding figure on the West Pediment by choosing to see the head and shoulder frontal view, or other views as desired. Compare the figures of Athena from the two pediments by examining their pose, movement, clothing, and any other features in which you are interested. Rearrange the images on your screen to permit comparisons, then continue this path.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 19

Click Description on the summary of the E1 figure.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 19

Now that you have examined the E1 figure in comparison with the W1 figure of Athena, read the description of the E1 figure, which states, "The whole recalls the figure of Athena on the krater in Boston by the Tyszkiewicz Painter (Boston 97.368), as Ohly observed." The catalog citation refers to a vase in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Perseus contains a catalog entry and views of this vase, as the next footprint demonstrates.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 20

Select Boston 97.368 in the sculpture description of the E1 figure.

Choose Vases from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 20

This catalog summary describes the vase referred to in the description of the E1 figure on the previous footprint. Here you can find out about this vase and see images of Athena on it.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 21

Choose Object Keyword Search from the Links Menu.

Choose Vases as the object type and Divinities as the class. Then click Athena as the keyword.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 21

The path woven through the Perseus resources began with the site of Aegina, Sanctuary of Aphaia. Perhaps you have become intrigued by a particular theme, such as the images of Athena on archaeological objects. The Keyword Search enables you to sort the archaeological evidence in Perseus by object type, class, and keyword. Here, try selecting Vases as the object type and Divinities as the class, then clicking Athena in the keywords. The results show that several other vases depict Athena. Examine the other attributes of the pop-up menus above each column of results, then try clicking a vase in the results to go directly to that vase's catalog summary.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 22

Click the Gateway icon on the Navigator.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 22

This concludes the first guided tour. You should now be familiar with some of the resources, features, and contents of Perseus, particularly with regard to art and archaeological evidence.

3.3 GUIDED TOUR 2

Tour 2 focuses on primary texts and Prometheus as a character in literature.

Under the Perseus Menu, release the mouse button on Path Index.

The Path Index appears, listing the two guided tours.

When you are on the Path Index, click the title of Tour 2 once to select it.

Click Go To Path in the upper right-hand corner to begin walking this path.

The Path Card for this guided tour appears in figure 3.2. It provides a brief overview of the stops in this tour.

Figure 3.2 Path Card for Guided Tour 2

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 1

Click the Primary Texts icon on the Gateway.

Click Aeschylus on the Primary Texts Index.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 1

You have reached the first location of the tour, the Primary Texts Index. Review the list of works by Aeschylus, then change the Index Type to Date. Note that the date of Prometheus Bound is 453, whereas the dates given for Aeschylus are 524/5 to 456/5 B.C. To learn the reason for this discrepancy, the next footprint will take you to an article on the life of Aeschylus.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 2

Choose Enter Destination from the Links Menu.

Type "Aeschylus" in the floating window, then choose Encyclopedia from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 2

You can now look for the discrepancy between the date of Prometheus Bound and the span of Aeschylus' life. With this background in mind, the next part of the tour focuses on Prometheus as a character in literature.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 3

Choose Enter Destination from the Links Menu.

Type "Aesch. PB" in the floating window, then choose Primary Texts from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 3

The full text of Prometheus Bound is included in Perseus both in Greek and in English translation. The Primary Texts Display permits you to view the two versions juxtaposed or in isolation. Read as much of this work as you wish before continuing the tour. The next stop is a secondary reference in Perseus, an Encyclopedia article on Prometheus.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 4

Click in the field following Find Text and type "Prometheus."

Choose Eng from the Eng/Grk toggle button, then click Find Text.

Select the word "Prometheus" in the text by double-clicking it, then choose Encyclopedia from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 4

The Encyclopedia entry for Prometheus is derived from the Loeb Classical Library editions of Herodotus and Apollodorus. As a result, there are a number of references to texts by these authors. These indexes provide more than simple text locations, however; they also provide small pieces of information about the topic. Read these glosses as a brief outline of the deeds of Prometheus.

The text references to Herodotus follow the format of all other Perseus references to works by Herodotus: the abbreviated author's name and book and chapter numbers. The text references to works by Apollodorus derived from the Loeb Classical Library edition use the volume and page number. On this tour, the next stop takes you directly to one of the text references cited in this article: "makes men and gives them fire: Apollod. vol. 1.51."

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 5

Select "Apollod. vol. 1.51," then choose Primary Texts from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 5

Chapter 7 of Apollodorus, Book 1, explains how Prometheus gave fire to mortals. References to notes are found throughout the English translations, such as the note labeled 1.7.1b.

In Perseus 1.0, Apollodorus is the only author whose works have related commentary in the Notes field. Click the Translation/Notes toggle button to display Notes. Under note 1.7.1b, you will discover some other versions of how Prometheus delivered the fire. You will also see text references to Hes. Th. and Hes. WD. These are works by Hesiod: Theogony and Works and Days. You may wish to see Hesiod's references to the same subject described by Apollodorus. The next footprint is an example of the reference in Hesiod's Theogony.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 6

Choose Primary Texts from the Links Menu.

Click Hesiod in the list of authors, then click Theogony. If the display of Notes is still active, change the setting to show the Translation.

When you are at the first card of the work, click in the field following Go to Line. Type "565," then press return.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 6

The reference to Prometheus giving fire to humans is found in line 565 of Theogony. Read this account before continuing the next part of the path, which concentrates on a concept in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 7

Choose Enter Destination from the Links Menu.

Type "Aesch. PB 108" in the floating window, then choose Primary Texts from the Links Menu.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 7

The tour returns to the original text examined, Prometheus Bound. Focus on the section surrounding line 108. Prometheus has just been nailed to the rock and left there. In his first long monologue, he refers to his bonds and to the yoke of constraint that binds him. The concepts of physical constraint and subjugation to greater force that were introduced in the opening scene are developed here.

Locate and select the Greek word [[section]]ndeg.zeugmai. The next stop will show an analysis of this word.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 8

Select the Greek word [[section]]ndeg.zeugmai, then click Analyze.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 8

The Morphological Analysis shows the stem and form of words. When you have identified the lemma, you may wish to see a definition of this word. The next footprint shows the lexicon.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 9

Select the stem, [[section]]nzeÊgnumi, shown in the analysis, then click Define.

On the Small Lexicon, click Full Lexicon for the complete entry.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 9

As used by Aeschylus, the word means yoke in, bind, or involve in misfortune. Perhaps you can find another use by Aeschylus in Prometheus Bound. Continue to the next footprint.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 10

Select the lemma again, then click Show Usage.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 10

Note that two uses of this stem are found in the works of Aeschylus, and both are in Prometheus Bound. You have already seen line 108. Compare it with what you will see next in line 579.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 11

Select the text reference for Prometheus Bound line 579, then click Go to Text.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 11

In line 579, this word refers to Io, another victim of the gods and another of the main characters in Prometheus Bound. The path continues the exploration of the word's use in works by Aeschylus.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 12

Click the Go Back icon on the Navigator to return to the Greek Word Search.

Delete the first two characters of the lemma, then choose Compound Verbs as the type of search.

Click Do Search.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 12

Another Philological Tool searches for compound verbs. In this example, the first two letters of the lemma have been deleted. The results of the search show other verbs built on the same root, three of which are in Prometheus Bound. Of these three, line 462 is a new reference in this tour. If you wish, pursue the use of these other words by selecting the text reference, then clicking Go to Text. When you are ready, click the right arrow on the Path icon to pick up the path again.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 13

Choose English-Greek Word List from the Links Menu.

Type "Yoke" in the field following String to Find, then click Look Up.

When the results of the search appear in the left column, choose Aeschylus from the pop-up menu above the right column, then click Search.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 13

Because the concept of yoking and constraint is so strong in Prometheus Bound, you may wish to see other words that express a similar concept. This stop shows the English-Greek Word List. According to the search, the word "yoke" appears in the definitions of thirty-nine words, shown in the left column. Of these words, twelve are found in works by Aeschylus. You can select one and click Show Usage to see how it is used in Aeschylus.

Now that you have gained a sense of how to use the Philological Tools in relation to primary texts, you may wish to stray from this path to investigate the definition or usage of some of the words used by Aeschylus, particularly if they appear frequently in Prometheus Bound. You might pursue the literary characters to whom these words refer. Experiment as much as you like. When you are ready to resume the path, click the right arrow of the Path icon on the Navigator.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 14

Choose Architecture from the Links Menu.

Select Index by Type, and click Theater.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 14

The tour concludes by offering a sense of the ancient theaters where Prometheus Bound would have been performed. This stop shows the possible structures indexed under the category Theater. The next footprint is the Theater of Dionysos in Athens.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 15

Click Athens, Theater of Dionysos, under the list of theaters.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 15

From this summary of the Theater of Dionysos, you can explore and compare information gained from the texts and information offered here. What are the dates of the theater? Does it date from the time of Aeschylus and the production of Prometheus Bound? Click some of the plans and photographs of the theater.

If you are viewing digitized images, remember to close the image windows by clicking the close box in the upper left-hand corner.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 16

Click Description on the summary of the Theater of Dionysos.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 16

This is a more detailed description of the theater. Note that related structures are listed under See Also. You can click any of these to see the catalog summary for that item. Try a few before continuing.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 17

Choose Encyclopedia under the Links Menu.

Select Subject as the index type, then click Theater and Drama.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 17

To gain a broader view of ancient theaters, you can use the Encyclopedia, indexed by subject, to read articles on theater and drama.

FIND YOUR OWN WAY TO STOP 18

Click the Gateway on the Navigator.

FOLLOW THE FOOTPRINT TO STOP 18

Here you are, back at the Gateway to Perseus. This guided tour should have familiarized you with text references and text tools, as well as with their potential links to the archaeological repository in Perseus.