CHAPTER 8: TOOLS & REFERENCES

The Tools & References include the Encyclopedia, the Philological Tools, a Bibliography, Word Searches, and Archaeological Tools. Each tool or reference is further categorized by subtopic.

8.1 TOOLS & REFERENCES INDEX

The Tools & References Index (figure 8.1) displays the names of tools and references in Perseus and provides access to them. As with other Perseus indexes, the main categories are shown in boldface, with subcategories shown beneath each main category. You must select a subcategory to go to that tool or reference.

Figure 8.1 Tools & References Index

Click a subcategory to use that tool or reference.

Try clicking a subcategory under each main topic. Then click the Go Back icon on the Navigator to return to the Tools & References Index.

8.2 ENCYCLOPEDIA

The Encyclopedia is composed of short articles on classical civilization, art, and architecture based on several sources. Some articles have accompanying illustrations. Approximately three hundred articles were written expressly for the Perseus Project. These articles focus on regions of Greece, biographies of ancient authors, terminology for art and architecture, and some musical instruments. The rest of the encyclopedia entries (approximately 3,500) are derived from the indexes of Loeb Classical Library editions of Apollodorus and Herodotus. These entries contain explanations of and can be used to find precise text references in works by Apollodorus and Herodotus. Chapter 7, "Primary Texts" describes the use of text references in the subject indexes for Apollodorus and Herodotus.

The Encyclopedia is indexed alphabetically and by subject .

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

Click Alphabetical Index on the Tools & References Index to see the list of encyclopedia entries in alphabetical order.

Click a letter to see the list of articles beginning with that letter.

Click an entry in the right-hand column to see that article.

Click the Go Back icon on the Navigator twice to return to the Tools & References index.

SUBJECT INDEX

Click Subject Index on the Tools & References Index to see the list of encyclopedia entries listed by subject.

The subject index is depicted below (figure 8.2).

Figure 8.2 Subject Index of Encyclopedia articles

Click a subject to see the list of articles on that topic.

Click an entry in the right-hand column to see that article.

Try clicking Vase Shapes as a subject and Amphora as an entry to follow the example shown below.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE

Each article in the Encyclopedia consists of the text of the article, a bibliography of primary sources, and a list of related topics in the Encyclopedia. A typical article is depicted below (figure 8.3).

Figure 8.3 Encyclopedia article

The Tools & References icon is at the top left of the article, followed by the name of the selected entry. On the top right are two buttons, Index and Illustration, and the name of the entry in Greek, if applicable. The text of the article appears in a scrolling text field. Under the article are two additional text fields, Literary Sources and See Also.

Index
Click Index to return to the index of articles.
Illustration
Click Illustration to see an illustration for the current article.

A dialog box informs you if no illustration is available.

Illustrations, when available, appear in a large window (figure 8.4). The title of the illustration is in the top left of the window. Drawing credits for the illustration appear in a small floating window that can be closed or repositioned on the screen.

Figure 8.4 Encyclopedia illustration

NOTE: The illustrations are not stored in HyperCard and therefore should be treated differently from other Perseus elements. In particular, you must click the close box to remove the illustration. If the window is not active, click in the title bar. If you use the Navigator while an illustration window is open, Perseus will respond, but you will be unable to see the response because the image window will be covering the active HyperCard window.

Literary sources
Literary sources for the encyclopedia article, if applicable, are shown in the lower left-hand corner.

Select text from this field and copy it to explore its relation to other Perseus resources.

See a related article
Click a related topic to see an article in the Encyclopedia.

8.3 PHILOLOGICAL TOOLS

Four Philological Tools are available to explore the usage, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax of ancient Greek. They are the Compound Verb List, English-Greek Word List, Greek-English Lexicon, and Morphological Analysis tool.

DESCRIPTION AND LIMITATIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL TOOLS

Underlying the Philological Tools is a morphological database that was created by parsing every Greek word in the Perseus primary texts and storing the results in Perseus. Approximately fifty thousand items are included in the database. The morphological database provides a foundation for the Philological Tools and allows you to perform two strategic functions. First, you can determine the morphological analysis for any word in a text, and second, you can find all instances of a Greek word in a particular text.

The morphological parser identifies as many possible analyses for a given form as it can. When more than one analysis is possible, however, the parser does not identify which analysis is the appropriate one based on the context in which the word was used. The parser focuses entirely on the Greek word and does not consider the context of its source.

COMMON FUNCTIONS IN THE PHILOLOGICAL TOOLS

The Philological Tools are functionally linked to each other and to the Greek and English Word Search tools for maximum flexibility. The functional integration of the tools is provided through four buttons. Depending on the tool selected, these buttons provide access to other tools.

Use of the Philological Tools centers on the selection of Greek and English text, depending on the tool to be activated. The four common buttons of the Philological Tools are described below.

Analyze (for Morphological Analysis)
Analyze activates the Morphological Analysis tool and displays the morphological analysis for the selected Greek word. Selecting English text or proper nouns will result in a message that no analysis is offered for this word.
Define (for Greek-English Lexicon)
Define activates the Greek-English Lexicon and displays a definition for the selected Greek text. The Greek-English Lexicon is available as either a small or a full lexicon. Selecting English text will result in a message that the selected text is not in the dictionary.
Eng-Gr (for English-Greek Word List)
Eng-Gr activates the English-Greek Word List and searches in the Greek dictionary for words whose definition contains the selected word. The selected text must be in English. Selecting Greek text will result in a message that the lemma is not found in the dictionary.
Show Usage (for Greek Word Search)
Show Usage opens the Greek Word Search and displays citations for all forms of the selected Greek word in an author's works. Selecting English text will result in a message that the lemma is not used in the selected author's works.

COMPOUND VERB LIST

The Compound Verb List finds all the compounds of a given simple verb in a selected author by searching in the dictionary.

Click Compound Verb List under Philological Tools in the Tools & Reference Index.

The Compound Verb List appears (figure 8.5). This tool also provides access to two other philological tools, Define and Show Usage.

Figure 8.5 Compound Verb List

Click the "List compound forms of" field to make the insertion point appear.

Paste in a simple verb from the clipboard or type in a verb using SMK GreekKeys. You must be precise in typing accents and diacritics with SMK GreekKeys.

Select an author for the compound verb search by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu for authors. Release the mouse button on the author of your choice.

Click Show List to activate the search.

The result of the search for compound forms of the verb in the selected author is displayed in the text field on the lower half of the screen. A citation and verb form are listed for each compound form found in the search.

ENGLISH-GREEK WORD LIST

The English-Greek Word List (figure 8.6) searches through the Greek lexicon for words whose definitions contain the selected word (or the word in the "String to find" field). The tool is based on the entries in Liddell and Scott's Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon.

Not every English word in each dictionary entry has been indexed. The English-Greek Word List search will find words only in the actual English definition--that is, words that are italicized in the print dictionary.

If you choose the English-Greek Word List from the Tools & References Index, you must enter a search string. If you choose Eng-Gr from another Philological Tool and have already selected a word, the tool is automatically activated.

Figure 8.6 English-Greek Word List

Analyze, Define, and Show Usage
The English-Greek Word List searches in the Greek dictionary for words whose definition contains the selected English word. It is linked with the Morphological Analysis, the Greek-English Lexicon, and the Greek Word Search.

Click Analyze, Define, or Show Usage while text is selected to activate any of the corresponding tools.

String to find
Click the "String to find" field to make the insertion point appear.

Type or paste in English text.

Select a type of search (Word or Starting Characters) by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu for type of search. Release the mouse button on your choice.

The Starting Characters search is useful if you wish to broaden your search. It will find all words that begin with the characters you have typed in the "String to find" field. In contrast, the Word search will find only exact matches to the string you typed in the field.

For example, typing the string "aes" and conducting a Word search will result in only one identified word. Conducting a Starting Character search for the same string will result in four words that occur in five entries.

Click Look Up to activate the search.

The result of the search is displayed in the text field on the lower left of the screen. The search does not find text that is a direct translation of the selected word; instead, the search identifies Greek lemmas that contain the selected English text in their definitions. Further analysis of the Greek words found in the search is possible through use of the Analyze, Define, and Show Usage buttons. (Note that a lemma cannot be analyzed with the Morphological Analysis tool.)

Another feature of the English-Greek Word List enables you to explore the appearance of the Greek words in selected authors.

In the right column, select an author by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu for authors who use these words. Release the mouse button on your choice.

Click Search next to the author name.

The results show which of the words on the left appear in the selected author.

GREEK-ENGLISH LEXICON

The Greek-English Lexicon contains the Greek and English definitions from Liddell and Scott's Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. The full lexicon (figure 8.7) and the small lexicon (figure 8.8) are depicted below.

Figure 8.7 Greek-English Lexicon (full lexicon)

If you have chosen the Greek-English Lexicon from the Tools & References Index, you will see the full lexicon, and you must enter a Greek word in the "Word to look up" field. If you have chosen Define from another Philological Tool and you have already selected a word, a small version of the Greek-English Lexicon appears, and you do not have the option to enter your own word to define. The expanded lexicon is available from the small lexicon by clicking Full Lexicon.

Figure 8.8 Greek-English Lexicon (small lexicon)

Analyze, Eng-Gr, and Show Usage
The Greek-English Lexicon is linked with the Morphological Analysis, the English-Greek Word List, and the Greek Word Search.

Click Analyze, Eng-Gr, or Show Usage while text is selected to activate any of the corresponding tools.

Note that a lemma cannot be analyzed with the Morphological Analysis tool.

Look Up Word
Click the "Word to look up" field to make the insertion point appear.

Type or paste in a Greek word.

To type Greek text, you must have SMK GreekKeys installed in your system. You must be precise in typing accents and diacritical marks using SMK GreekKeys.

Click Look Up to see a definition of the word.

The full lexicon shows the search results in three fields. The first field, in the lower left corner, gives the definition of the word. The "Refers to" field indicates root words from which the selected word is derived, as listed in Liddell and Scott's Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. The "Referred to by" field shows words that refer to the selected word as a root word, as listed in the Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon.

Select any word in the three fields.

Click Look Up to see the definition of the newly selected word.

Try also using the functions Analyze, Eng-Gr, and Show Usage with words selected from the search results field.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

The Morphological Analysis tool (figure 8.9) parses and describes Greek word forms, showing the lemma and the related analysis, including the word form and part of speech. The Morphological Analysis tool is also available directly from Primary Text displays through the Analyze button.

Please note that this tool performs a morphological analysis, not a syntactic analysis, of the Greek word. If the form you are analyzing could be formed from more than one word, the Morphological Analysis tool will display all possible lemmas and analyses. It does not indicate which is correct for the particular form you selected.

If you have chosen Morphological Analysis from the Tools & References Index, you must enter a word to analyze. If you have chosen Analyze from another Philological Tool and have already selected a word, the tool will be automatically activated.

Figure 8.9 Morphological Analysis tool

Define, Eng-Gr, and Show Usage
The Morphological Analysis tool is linked with the Greek-English Lexicon, the English-Greek Word List, and the Greek Word Search.

Click Define, Eng-Gr, or Show Usage while text is selected to activate any of the corresponding tools.

Analyze Word
Click the "Word" field to make the insertion point appear.

Type or paste in a Greek word.

To type Greek text, you must have SMK GreekKeys installed in your system. You must be precise in typing accents and diacritical marks using SMK GreekKeys.

Click Analyze to parse the word.

The result of the morphological analysis is displayed in the field on the lower half of the screen. The lemma is shown in boldface, followed by its possible forms and their parts of speech. A word analysis might result in more than one lemma. Abbreviations used in the word analysis are described in appendix C.

The first part of the analysis indicates the type of stem on which the word is formed. The rest of the analysis identifies the form.

Try using the functions Analyze, Eng-Gr, and Show Usage with words selected from the morphological analysis results.

8.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Bibliography contains citations from sources used to compile the Perseus database and lists sources external to Perseus.

SOURCES USED

Although you may read this information in a linear fashion by clicking Sources Used on the Tools & References Index and using the Go Forward and Go Previous icons on the Navigator, you will be unable to relate the source to a specific Perseus item. Instead, the Sources Used information is pertinent when you request it in relation to a specific Perseus resource. For example, Site Descriptions in the Art & Archaeology resource show sources used to compile the information.

FURTHER SOURCES

Further Sources are further bibliographic references for the interested reader . A list of further sources is depicted below (figure 8.10).

Figure 8.10 Further Sources

8.5 WORD SEARCHES

Perseus can perform word searches in English and Greek texts and provide information on usage of words by selected authors.

ENGLISH WORD SEARCH

The English Word Search (figure 8.11) is an index of all English words in Perseus. This tool identifies the occurrences of an English word in the translation of all the primary texts or the works of a selected author and in the Atlas, Encyclopedia, Historical Overview, and catalogs of archaeological objects. The search can be made for words or starting characters.

Figure 8.11 English Word Search

Look for word
Click the "Look for" field to make the insertion point appear.

Type in an English word.

Select a designated search area (all primary text works, a selected author, the Atlas, or the Encyclopedia) by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu that shows the current selection. Release the mouse button on your choice.

Select the type of search (word or starting characters) by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu that shows the current type of search. Release the mouse button on your choice.

Click Do Search to activate the word search.

The results of the search will be reported by listing the citations for the word in the selected search area.

Go to Text
You can go immediately to the primary text reference by selecting the citation.

Select a citation with the select tool.

Click Go To Text to go directly to the reference within Perseus or other selected point within Perseus.

Eng-Gr
Select an English word for which you would like the Greek lemma.

Click Eng-Gr to obtain a list of Greek words.

The Greek words are lemmas that contain the English word in their definitions.

GREEK WORD SEARCH

The Greek Word Search (figure 8.12) identifies the occurrences of a Greek word in the works of a selected author.

Figure 8.12 Greek Word Search

Search types include lemmatized and compound verb searches as well as word and starting character searches. An additional feature is the ability to sort the search results by author's work or by form of the word searched. In addition, three Philological Tools are available.

Analyze, Define, and Eng-Gr
The Greek Word Search is linked with the Morphological Analysis, the Greek-English Lexicon, and the English-Greek Word List.

Click Analyze, Define, or Eng-Gr while text is selected to activate any of the corresponding tools.

Note that a lemma cannot be analyzed with the Morphological Analysis tool.

Look For Word
Click the "Look for" field to make the insertion point appear.

Type or paste in a Greek word.

To type Greek text, you must have SMK GreekKeys installed in your system.

Select an author whose works you want to search by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu that shows the current author selected. Release the mouse button on your choice.

Select the type of search (word, lemmatized, starting characters or compound verbs) by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu that shows the current type of search. Release the mouse button on your choice.

A search by word specifies a search for a complete word in exactly the form you entered. A lemmatized search indicates a search for all the forms of a word. Perseus will automatically parse the word you entered and find all forms of the lemma. A search for starting characters is especially useful for finding proper names that cannot be parsed by the Morphological Analysis tool and for which a lemmatized search is not possible. A search for compound verbs produces a list of compound verbs with citations for reference. (The Compound Verb List in the Philological Tools does not provide citations.)

Select the way the results should be sorted (by work or by form) by holding the mouse button down on the pop-up menu that shows the current selection. Release the mouse button on your choice.

Click Do Search to activate the word search.

The results of the search will be reported by listing the citations for the word in the selected search area. The results will be shown sorted by work, in the order in which they appear in the text or alphabetically, depending on your selection.

Go to Text
You can go immediately to the primary text reference by selecting the citation

Select a citation with the select tool.

Click Go To Text to go directly to the primary text reference.

By going directly to the primary text you can explore the context of the word's use in the passage.

8.6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TOOL

Perseus has a powerful Archaeological Tool, the Object Keyword Search, that allows you to explore themes and relations among the thousands of archaeological items described and illustrated in Perseus, as well as among these objects and the other Perseus resources.

The Object Keyword Search, which can be selected from the Tools & References Index, is depicted below (figure 8.13).

Figure 8.13 Object Keyword Search

OBJECT TYPE

Object Type is a pop-up menu used to identify the type of archaeological object that is the focus of the search. The object types include Buildings, Sculpture, Coins, and Vases. A fifth item on the pop-up menu is Objects, which specifies all objects in a very expansive search.

Hold the mouse button down on the Object Type pop-up menu and release it on your choice.

CLASS

Class is a pop-up menu used to identify the class of keywords that relate to the selected object type. The classes of keywords depend on the object type. As an example, the classes of keywords for Vases are listed below.

Actions Vase Shapes

Attributes Weapons

Buildings Animals

Geographical Contexts Generic Scenes

Iconographic Subjects Mythological Scenes

Athletics Plants

Clothing Divinities

Food Generic People

Furniture Legendary People

Musical Instruments Historical People

Objects Show All

Hold the mouse button down on the Class pop-up menu and release it on your choice.

KEYWORDS

When you have chosen an Object Type and a Class, a list of keywords appears in the field at the top right of the display. This list changes as you change the Class and Object Type choices.

Click a keyword to activate the search.

Perseus searches for archaeological objects of the selected type that have the selected keyword in their database description.

When the search has been activated, the phrase "having to do with" is placed in a text field below the Class pop-up menu. This field is a reminder for the last keyword searched.

SEARCH RESULTS

Search results are displayed in three columns, each headed by a pop-up menu that indicates the attributes of the object. With the pop-up menus you can change the display of attributes of a list of objects and see the attributes more quickly than by looking at each object separately in the Art & Archaeology catalogs. Different object types have different attributes, as described below.

Buildings: Catalog, Style, Date, Region

Sculpture: Catalog Number, Title, Material, Type, Context, Associated Building, Sculptor, Period, Style

Coins: Catalog Number, Mint, Region, Issuing Authority, Metal, Denomination

Vases: Catalog Number, Ware, Shape, Painter, Potter, Context, Period

The results of a search for any object are displayed in a default column format composed of the first three items in the above list of attributes. For example, the results of a keyword search for Coins are, by default, displayed in columns listing Catalog Number, Mint, and Region.

You can see different attributes for a keyword search by using the pop-up menu at the head of each column.

Choose Vases from the pop-up menu for Object Type.

Choose Mythological Scenes from the pop-up menu for Class.

Click Achilles and Penthesilea to activate the search.

The search results are displayed in three columns, showing Catalog Number, Ware, and Shape, respectively. To see the same search but with a different attribute selected, change one of the column choices.

In this example, three vases are listed.

Choose Painter from the pop-up menu in the second column.

After a brief interval, the second column replaces its original list of wares with a list of the painters of the three vases.

Click a vase to go directly to the catalog containing the summary and description for this object.

As described in chapter 5, "Art & Archaeology," the Pottery Description (and other archaeological catalog entries) provides information about the object and provides access to digitized or videodisc images of the object.