Thematic Index of Classics in JStor

Article Themes

This page lists the automatically detected themes present in this article. The words shown for each theme reflect the overall content of the theme, and may not appear in this particular article.

For each theme, you can also find other articles from the same year.

The work presented here was developed by David Mimno under the Cybereditions Project, an effort led by the Perseus Project at Tufts University and funded by the Mellon Foundation.

The Razing of the House in Greek Society

W. R. Connor

Transactions of the American Philological Association. (1985) pp. 79-102

Full text at JStor

[604 words] trial, court, oath, laws, legal, punishment, penalty, homicide, courts, athenian, procedure, witnesses, defendant, jury, action, judges, crime, public, justice, prosecution, judge, jurors, athens, murder, trials, accused, antiphon, witness, appeal, penalties

[181 words] analysis, sources, understanding, individual, information, context, questions, literary, texts, development, role, provide, structure, aspects, early, basic, complex, traditional, range, provides, data, function, significant, patterns, process, useful, pattern, attempt, limited, techniques

[157 words] role, context, image, contrast, sense, narrative, audience, reader, text, power, language, theme, images, function, traditional, reading, imagery, himself, becomes, makes, central, literary, complex, focus, meaning, perspective, status, level, process, emphasis

[156 words] athens, tyranny, tyrant, herodotus, themistokles, ostracism, solon, cleisthenes, aristotle, tyrants, hippias, athenian, peisistratos, miltiades, kleisthenes, herodotos, plutarch, kimon, perikles, jacoby, peisistratus, archon, thucydides, hipparchus, archonship, androtion, pisistratus, periander, exile, cypselus

[143 words] plutarch, diodorus, jacoby, demetrius, source, athenaeus, ephorus, story, theopompus, aristotle, plut, lives, fgrhist, sources, tradition, biography, moralia, themistocles, fgrh, dionysius, nepos, apollodorus, fragments, hellanicus, suda, diogenes, wehrli, timaeus, anecdote, historian

[141 words] xenophon, sparta, spartan, pausanias, spartans, hell, lysander, agesilaus, plutarch, hellenica, king, cyrus, agis, helots, plut, spartiates, diodorus, ephors, cleomenes, kings, rhetra, anabasis, herodotus, paus, clearchus, messenia, messenians, messenian, agesilaos, ephoros

[138 words] orestes, agamemnon, chorus, oedipus, play, electra, aeschylus, clytemnestra, antigone, sophocles, creon, scene, euripides, apollo, aegisthus, cassandra, murder, audience, action, eteocles, lines, oresteia, iphigenia, troy, sacrifice, curse, hecuba, eumenides, thebes, city

[128 words] army, city, military, took, troops, himself, control, power, events, position, situation, policy, force, sent, return, revolt, attack, victory, peace, forces, defeat, action, soon, attempt, success, battle, enemy, became, command, remained

[110 words] love, himself, fear, anger, passion, moral, violence, suicide, punishment, desire, woman, herself, contrast, suffering, makes, victim, gods, evil, power, pity, shame, fate, situation, grief, cause, violent, behavior, becomes, theme, madness

[106 words] athens, sparta, peace, philip, league, athenian, thebes, alliance, athenians, cities, treaty, allies, demosthenes, states, argos, boeotia, greece, thebans, spartan, theban, spartans, persia, embassy, king, boeotian, thessaly, decree, corinth, greeks, policy

[93 words] context, simply, position, hypothesis, argued, text, makes, claim, explain, suggestion, correct, grounds, reasons, alternative, actually, argue, moreover, attempt, surely, obvious, accept, argues, unlikely, enough, issue, sense, passage, presumably, difficulties, plausible

[92 words] berkeley, trans, essays, leiden, commentary, los_angeles, ithaca, mass, baltimore, early, politics, ancient_greece, myth, tapa, tradition, clarendon_press, amsterdam, introduction, vols, phoenix, greece, diss, ann_arbor, stuttgart, origins, reading, arethusa, review, routledge, rhetoric

[88 words] political, power, democracy, city, politics, citizens, rule, government, democratic, polis, laws, constitution, community, republic, aristocratic, empire, individual, freedom, ideal, aristocracy, citizen, economic, wealth, control, monarchy, tyranny, oligarchy, states, athens, institutions

[87 words] wall, walls, room, building, house, rooms, built, plan, houses, floor, entrance, door, court, stone, construction, buildings, central, palace, roof, structure, level, front, upper, chamber, wide, interior, space, rectangular, corner, open

[80 words] story, king, himself, told, tale, night, city, sent, house, killed, away, having, whom, father, took, home, stories, wife, his_father, version, woman, child, return, dream, his_wife, dead, gave, children, mother, hands

[69 words] decree, athenian, athens, tribute, lines, inscription, meritt, decrees, lists, athena, line, treasurers, period, assessment, stele, text, talents, meiggs, athenians, quota, wade-gery, cities, kallias, lewis, attic, hesperia, board, accounts, documents, demetrios

[63 words] euripides, play, sophocles, aeschylus, plays, tragedy, chorus, drama, dramatic, tragic, ajax, prometheus, greek_tragedy, scene, stage, audience, euripidean, action, antigone, lines, tragedies, medea, oedipus, actor, poet, choral, bacchae, electra, characters, actors

[59 words] word, meaning, sense, words, term, uses, phrase, passage, mean, context, passages, usage, applied, verb, expression, refer, language, refers, meanings, adjective, idea, meant, equivalent, elsewhere, describe, latin, technical, epithet, definition, simply

[51 words] women, marriage, children, woman, wife, family, child, slave, mother, husband, slaves, daughter, married, father, male, female, her_husband, parents, his_wife, status, wives, household, young, girl, bride, marry, birth, sons, girls, sexual

[51 words] period, early, development, influence, forms, developed, earliest, tradition, stage, beginning, became, become, changes, periods, characteristic, process, result, tendency, greater, true, sixth, introduced, throughout, marked, fourth, stages, longer, began, fifth_century, simple

[51 words] solon, athenian, aristotle, athens, assembly, laws, constitution, boule, citizens, phratry, office, areopagus, democracy, demos, tribes, athenians, archons, rhodes, decree, tribe, magistrates, genos, body, hansen, fourth_century, fifth_century, meetings, phratries, archon, tribal

[46 words] dead, magic, burial, funeral, body, rites, magical, belief, divination, ritual, custom, tomb, buried, omen, corpse, power, omens, frazer, superstition, rite, cremation, bones, spirits, gods, practices, religious, deceased, lupercalia, funerary, romans

[46 words] apollo, cult, zeus, temple, athena, pausanias, delphi, sanctuary, athens, oracle, artemis, shrine, sacred, altar, demeter, poseidon, goddess, festival, paus, name, dedicated, statue, athenian, hero, aphrodite, delos, cults, inscription, dedication, city

[44 words] gods, zeus, divine, hesiod, prometheus, earth, hera, apollo, power, justice, prayer, mortal, hermes, athena, mortals, theogony, heaven, muses, goddess, myth, poseidon, poet, olympus, aphrodite, homer, fate, birth, divinity, dike, passage

[43 words] source, text, sources, passage, information, works, passages, written, version, fragments, name, authors, quoted, tradition, literary, mention, fragment, extant, books, himself, wrote, early, writers, title, commentary, quotations, texts, derived, knowledge, collection

[42 words] passage, kata, tovs, rpos, kara, trov, rovs, kalt, avrov, rapa, katl, tovto, repl, tols, words, aaaa, evov, passages, kacl, follows, evos, otov, rots, avtov, kcal, rept, elval, tovtov, rtov, a7ro

[42 words] room, wall, floor, building, fill, level, trench, pottery, walls, fragments, debris, house, layer, corner, earth, deposit, construction, along, stones, destruction, rooms, built, bedrock, sherds, clay, early, excavated, phase, levels, upper

[38 words] demosthenes, speech, speeches, isocrates, rhetoric, lysias, aeschines, rhetorical, gorgias, speaker, oration, orator, oratory, orators, antiphon, delivered, athens, aristotle, forensic, audience, written, palamedes, sophists, political, isokrates, helen, athenian, orations, blass, assembly

[34 words] eyes, thou, your, night, earth, away, heart, thee, blood, forth, love, simile, sleep, beauty, tears, mind, poet, lines, heaven, hands, comes, words, gods, song, water, face, sound, passage, dark, sweet

[34 words] thucydides, athens, pericles, athenian, athenians, alcibiades, thuc, cleon, nicias, gomme, speech, sparta, speeches, political, historian, spartan, peloponnesian_war, spartans, brasidas, demos, perikles, democracy, themistocles, melos, sicily, funeral, alkibiades, debate, thucydidean, events

[32 words] aristophanes, comedy, comic, play, chorus, plays, poet, frogs, actors, clouds, euripides, stage, birds, audience, wasps, tragedy, knights, athenian, actor, tragic, acharnians, peace, dramatic, athens, dionysus, cratinus, poets, scene, lysistrata, theatre

[29 words] alexander, arrian, macedonian, philip, king, curtius, diodorus, diod, tarn, ptolemy, macedonians, antigonus, plutarch, macedonia, alexander_the_great, demetrius, curt, royal, plut, olympias, antipater, alex, persian, eumenes, justin, sources, darius, perdiccas, bosworth, hammond

[29 words] ionic, inscription, attic, dialect, doric, aeolic, forms, dialects, rhodes, rhodian, arcadian, boeotian, cyprian, buck, thessalian, sgdi, syll, lesbian, dittenberger, arcado-cyprian, greek_dialects, schwyzer, cretan, alphabet, milet, rhodos, boeot, hiller, bechtel, elean

[28 words] average, size, numbers, population, high, proportion, data, length, ratio, higher, units, frequency, rate, range, increase, groups, percentage, relative, estimate, amount, lower, statistics, value, significant, approximately, sample, distribution, mean, greater, unit

[27 words] sappho, hesiod, poem, homer, page, alcaeus, poets, fragment, poetry, anacreon, poet, stesichorus, pindar, poems, alcman, fragments, lyric, aphrodite, hymn, lines, lobel, girl, archilochus, ibycus, corinna, simonides, epic, bowra, papyrus, allen

[25 words] himself, young, ever, whom, every, your, days, things, mind, wrote, spirit, enough, something, true, famous, friend, words, youth, country, poet, knew, high, become, love, take, poor, name, story, master, living

[25 words] sicily, syracuse, sicilian, dion, diodorus, morgantina, dionysius, timaeus, gela, diod, sybaris, timoleon, dionysios, syracusan, gelon, tyrant, herakleides, foundation, thurii, locri, leontinoi, syracusans, orsi, laqueur, hieron, island, dions, hiero, thourioi, himera

[24 words] heracles, herakles, lion, hero, theseus, perseus, serpent, bull, deianeira, snake, centaur, hercules, boar, gorgon, medusa, snakes, centaurs, monster, deianira, shield, andromeda, giant, hydra, myth, amphitryon, hyllus, club, eurystheus, lions, geryon

[24 words] mind, power, true, sense, moral, truth, knowledge, things, idea, ideal, experience, himself, divine, spirit, individual, ideas, natural, conception, expression, reality, real, feeling, vision, attitude, toward, every, intellectual, beauty, something, action

[24 words] athens, acropolis, agora, wall, tower, city, gate, towers, attica, hesperia, pausanias, walls, plan, piraeus, hill, travlos, judeich, greece, built, eleusis, athenian, dorpfeld, akropolis, fortifications, circuit, pnyx, wycherley, athenian_agora, fortification, thompson

[23 words] building, city, early, excavated, period, buildings, finds, walls, pottery, complex, town, hellenistic, revealed, structures, located, architectural, byzantine, periods, built, construction, occupation, sanctuary, structure, houses, plan, uncovered, around, tombs, along, wadi

[23 words] disease, medical, plague, medicine, doctor, physician, patient, diseases, symptoms, health, celsus, cure, doctors, illness, epidemic, thucydides, cause, fever, body, treatment, asclepius, sick, healing, patients, physicians, smallpox, regimen, drugs, typhus, hippocratic

[23 words] king, ptolemy, kings, antiochos, royal, antiochus, egypt, ptolemaic, parthian, armenia, mithridates, arsinoe, ptolemies, alexandria, seleucid, kingdom, reign, hellenistic, antioch, throne, cleopatra, ptolemaios, parthians, philadelphus, euergetes, parthia, queen, polemo, title, tigranes

[21 words] comments, suggestions, helpful, anonymous, help, version, advice, draft, assistance, valuable, referee, express, gratitude, referees, encouragement, professors, provided, reading, criticism, seminar, criticisms, generous, humanities, drafts, grant, colleagues, acknowledge, classics, delivered, errors

[19 words] days, month, calendar, months, winter, festival, period, prytany, summer, august, september, chronology, spring, beginning, early, february, began, autumn, meritt, cycle, calendars, november, intercalary, reckoning, pritchett, festivals, ordinary, athenian, count, prytanies

[18 words] hermes, diss, wilamowitz, studien, philologus, untersuchungen, stuttgart, literatur, gottingen, commentary, edition, heidelberg, philol, review, gnomon, dichtung, darmstadt, suppl, tapa, fraenkel, jaeger, repr, wiesbaden, norden, schmid, wilamowitz-moellendorff, amsterdam, dissertation, philosophie, uber

[17 words] sacrifice, ritual, sacrifices, sacrificial, festival, rites, religious, altar, rite, procession, gods, cult, sacred, ceremony, rituals, offering, victim, offered, sacrificed, performed, blood, offerings, victims, festivals, purification, animal, burkert, priest, human_sacrifice, bull

[17 words] athens, athenian, athenians, thucydides, fleet, ships, persian, battle, herodotus, persians, salamis, spartans, greeks, thuc, spartan, sparta, marathon, samos, diodorus, aegina, allies, themistocles, revolt, sent, naval, island, persia, chios, tissaphernes, victory

[17 words] greeks, greece, peoples, cities, early, land, strabo, egypt, asia_minor, name, island, city, eastern, region, italy, islands, country, native, inhabitants, geographical, western, tribes, coast, tradition, northern, mediterranean, asia, civilization, romans, population

[17 words] dance, music, song, dancing, chorus, lyre, musical, performance, songs, singing, dances, choral, sing, dancers, dithyramb, aulos, sung, performed, instrument, flute, dancer, muses, solo, voice, lawler, opera, choruses, hymn, dithyrambic, lillian

[16 words] himself, true, truth, matter, criticism, merely, facts, really, real, passage, attempt, false, claim, accept, words, knowledge, belief, enough, regard, prove, makes, error, simply, wrong, statements, critics, surely, actually, serious, take

[16 words] verbal, allen, trach, verbals, sikes, sophocles, schol, hermann, duport, passive, soph, cohn, cant, barnes, lobeck, omentum, agar, silently, verbalia, euripides, tiburti, fragment, instead, canter, herv, voss, schindler, adjective, composita, ludwich

[15 words] himself, friends, political, personal, public, friend, whom, friendship, attitude, position, reputation, conduct, having, towards, toward, enemies, praise, private, cause, return, influence, claim, speech, charges, power, true, actions, themselves, felt, career

[15 words] true, passage, words, merely, matter, position, suppose, regard, name, enough, natural, mention, difficulty, period, prove, having, regarded, himself, except, facts, really, naturally, supposed, definite, makes, assumed, alone, correct, actually, referred

[14 words] athenian, slaves, athens, slave, finley, citizen, athenians, citizens, demosthenes, security, slavery, davies, apollodorus, free, classical_athens, property, metics, eisphora, wealth, pasion, apollodoros, hubris, horoi, wealthy, metic, speaker, status, city, cohen, citizenship

[13 words] pythagoras, pythagorean, pythagoreans, dream, dreams, daimon, archytas, artemidorus, pletho, hercher, anonymus, burkert, pythagoreanism, aristoxenus, iamblichus, nicomachus, ethos, daimonion, procreationist, procreationism, reproductive, iamblichos, bessarion, croton, tract, gaza, eponumos, philolaus, porphyrius, daimones

[13 words] trade, economic, population, local, production, city, italy, empire, cities, urban, commercial, period, early, economy, market, rural, goods, towns, roman_empire, wealth, products, region, commerce, slaves, industry, grain, decline, italian, distribution, agricultural

[12 words] iste, forem, essem, personal, force, bach, protasis, ille, ganuma, sache, apodosis, deictic, derogatory, future, traditionalists, pres, pronouns, minatory, problema, deiktikon, dramatists, isti, keller, mildred, ruth, istum, lxxvii, conj, interlocutor, subj

[12 words] pottery, level, period, levels, mound, phase, stone, early, trench, neolithic, ware, excavated, stratum, sherds, building, occupation, tell, phases, troy, houses, strata, walls, deposits, chalcolithic, clay, bronze, upper, burials, layer, finds

[11 words] studien, akademie, heidelberg, wissenschaften, sprache, stuttgart, uber, untersuchungen, grammatik, griechen, beitrage, bonn, alten, vols, neue, muller, forschungen, festschrift, handbuch, altertumswissenschaft, klassischen, diss, wien, burckhardt, literatur, lateinischen, lateinische, wilhelm, otto, philologie

[11 words] fire, water, earth, wind, rain, winds, heat, cold, weather, night, lightning, storm, clouds, thunder, burning, eruption, snow, volcanic, cloud, winter, drought, darkness, smoke, hail, fires, flame, earthquakes, flames, pumice, phenomena

[10 words] statue, statues, marble, athena, athens, relief, bronze, parthenon, reliefs, base, sculptures, frieze, archaic, olympia, richter, sculptor, pediment, statuette, sculptors, fifth_century, apollo, attic, works, aphrodite, hellenistic, fourth_century, nike, hermes, torso, ridgway

[10 words] herodotus, persian, xerxes, darius, cyrus, persians, king, croesus, greeks, ctesias, story, persia, gyges, herodotos, achaemenid, persepolis, cambyses, aristagoras, histiaeus, sardis, histories, egypt, histiaios, hecataeus, lydian, herodotean, narrative, babylon, artaxerxes, ionian

[10 words] leases, property, lease, lessee, mines, owner, mine, sounion, properties, registrant, salaminioi, stele, crosby, laureion, mining, renter, sub-unit, guarantor, attica, private, column, thorikos, astyphilos, drachmai, iota, face, anas, hagnias, margaret, dicaeogenes

[10 words] speech, words, himself, speaker, audience, lines, situation, scene, action, address, makes, line, speak, asks, addressed, response, begins, take, effect, immediately, reply, comes, your, speaking, speaks, moment, advice, beginning, passage, questions

[10 words] leto, balbilla, memnon, damo, zabughin, bernand, choer, pomponian, balbillus, bernadakis, colossus, agrees, akko, anon, finckh, tasso, codd, kvve, deest, elmb, nath, pomponio, insurgerent, bowie, funisulanus, xatpe, bern, kopvs

[10 words] inscription, tomb, tombs, fragments, bronze, objects, temple, stone, vases, marble, relief, inscribed, period, graves, statue, coins, early, grave, monument, representing, necropolis, fourth_century, terra-cotta, reliefs, containing, sixth, finds, pottery, insc, belonging

[9 words] livy, cato, scipio, romulus, fabius, consul, tradition, romans, dionysius, appius, fasti, plutarch, valerius, story, claudius, plebeian, varro, cicero, cornelius, plut, camillus, numa, manlius, aemilius, early, gracchus, consuls, patrician, fulvius, dictator

[9 words] cicero, letter, letters, atticus, written, caesar, quintus, brutus, correspondence, catiline, wrote, bailey, marcus, shackleton, tiro, writing, pompey, nepos, tyrrell, balbus, himself, friend, purser, terentia, lucceius, tullia, matius, atticum, trebatius, catilinarian

[9 words] magical, magic, curse, tablet, faraone, spell, spells, erotic, tablets, curses, jordan, papyri, defixiones, amulet, texts, pgm2, simaetha, axoa, incantation, amulets, audollent, tabellae, papyrus, repraesentatio, aion, binding, lead, performative, sophron, victim

[9 words] argos, argive, olympia, geometric, athens, archaic, early, heraion, greece, mycenae, sparta, tiryns, sanctuary, samos, mycenaean, coldstream, laconian, seventh, pottery, hera, pylos, corinth, tiles, eighth, antefixes, heraeum, akhaian, argolid, messenia, perachora

[9 words] text, translation, edition, volume, introduction, books, pages, commentary, illustrations, translations, works, index, volumes, useful, page, maps, texts, english, chapter, editions, latin, reader, translated, contains, authors, chapters, excellent, review, scholarship, full

[8 words] text, reading, readings, manuscripts, manuscript, edition, error, errors, tradition, scribe, correct, editors, archetype, variants, omitted, emendation, corrected, correction, variant, passages, written, corrections, omission, source, apparatus, corruption, texts, editions, conjecture, copied

[8 words] philosophy, literary, works, influence, philosophical, writers, tradition, greeks, intellectual, knowledge, ideas, writings, education, philosophers, poets, political, early, plato, period, wrote, written, romans, authors, writing, historians, attitude, moral, philosopher, poetry, himself

[8 words] soph, sense, jebb, aeschylus, aesch, euripides, sophocles, text, line, reading, fraenkel, hermann, wilamowitz, wecklein, diggle, passage, murray, word, hipp, editors, codd, page, emendation, headlam, conjecture, pearson, verse, dawe, paley, andr

[8 words] narrative, events, chapter, section, books, beginning, story, sections, sequence, chapters, begins, follows, passage, composition, theme, structure, digression, followed, lines, opening, introduction, chronological, immediately, treatment, event, division, preceding, arrangement, passages, action

[7 words] homer, homeric, iliad, odyssey, epic, poet, poems, oral, poetry, tradition, parry, poets, poem, similes, traditional, composition, hesiod, formulaic, formula, heroic, poetic, lord, epics, simile, language, oral_poetry, singer, verse, narrative, formulas

[7 words] land, grain, wheat, farm, price, farmer, agricultural, agriculture, prices, barley, crops, farmers, estate, estates, corn, farming, columella, harvest, labor, fields, soil, labour, cato, drachmas, obols, crop, varro, cultivation, wine, slaves

[7 words] marseille, gallia, langue, arles, entretiens, hardt, benoit, chantraine, glanum, zilao, provence, grecque, classique, flaminica, antiquite, banques, banque, rolland, quebec, prosop, gaul, nimes, gaule, flaminicae, narbonensis, ptol, latine, massalia, aries, oppida

[7 words] passage, sense, text, meaning, sentence, words, word, reading, phrase, line, mean, translation, clause, context, lines, follows, editors, refer, difficulty, verb, makes, emendation, take, refers, preceding, expression, passages, correct, understood, translates

[6 words] plato, republic, dialogues, socrates, platonic, laws, phaedo, dialogue, timaeus, ideas, phaedrus, parmenides, sophist, aristotle, taylor, philosophy, philebus, philosophical, theaetetus, cratylus, platon, cornford, burnet, doctrine, gorgias, dialectic, critias, method, symposium, passage

[6 words] money, property, paid, payment, amount, price, talents, land, sale, value, financial, cost, received, wealth, gold, private, treasury, public, taxes, drachmas, sold, denarii, payments, income, sesterces, silver, debt, funds, contract, loan

[6 words] tiberius, tacitus, augustus, claudius, germanicus, suetonius, gaius, emperor, nero, drusus, agrippina, suet, piso, agrippa, senate, livia, velleius, caligula, reign, sejanus, princeps, annals, syme, corbulo, principate, julia, imperial, silanus, historian, gallus

[6 words] yevos, avros, avtos, eovos, saw-fish, sternbach, voov, kara, raxato, rypa, tcal, vovs, aeis, musurus, concerned, steph, ical, rapa

[5 words] christian, pagan, augustine, christians, christianity, jerome, church, eusebius, bishop, christ, ambrose, tertullian, prudentius, gregory, paul, letter, religious, persecution, pagans, basil, bishops, migne, clement, origen, new_testament, paganism, acts, chrysostom, gospel, letters

[5 words] atti, nella, florence, naples, nell, degli, sulla, italia, romano, alla, turin, archeologia, greca, istituto, napoli, onore, ricerche, pisa, bologna, antichita, italian, antico, classica, bari, mondo, sull, cultura, argues, secolo, greco

[5 words] wine, food, drinking, drink, banquet, meal, feast, meat, water, dinner, guests, bread, eating, milk, feasting, fish, dining, honey, athenaeus, feasts, cooking, served, consumption, symposium, foods, cook, host, choes, diet, couch

[5 words] secretary, volume, cents, proceedings, price, subscription, american_philological_association, treasurer, membership, november, weekly, session, chairman, executive_committee, atlantic, states, transactions, officers, matter, philological, subscriptions, corporation, post_office, fund, dues, february, issues, shares, entered, monday

[5 words] cult, goddess, dionysus, religion, religious, gods, worship, cults, deity, ritual, sacred, deities, isis, divine, demeter, pentheus, mysteries, rites, dionysiac, divinity, dionysos, cybele, attis, aphrodite, nilsson, artemis, divinities, worshipped, initiation, mother