Thematic Index of Classics in JStor

Article Themes

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The work presented here was developed by David Mimno under the Cybereditions Project, an effort led by the Perseus Project at Tufts University and funded by the Mellon Foundation.

Relative Frequency as a Determinant of Phonetic Change

George Kingsley Zipf

Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. (1929) pp. 1-95

Full text at JStor

[3890 words] words, latin, language, sound, vowel, pronunciation, word, vowels, sounds, syllable, speech, spelling, consonant, consonants, forms, phonetic, english, accent, pronounced, syllables, languages, written, initial, linguistic, short, dialect, dialects, pitch, writing, alphabet

[1310 words] forms, latin, root, stem, suffix, words, brugmann, word, ending, indo-european, stems, sanskrit, analogy, meaning, verb, beside, vowel, roots, verbs, formation, languages, language, italic, compounds, phonetic, sing, suffixes, perfect, originally, nouns

[869 words] average, size, numbers, population, high, proportion, data, length, ratio, higher, units, frequency, rate, range, increase, groups, percentage, relative, estimate, amount, lower, statistics, value, significant, approximately, sample, distribution, mean, greater, unit

[580 words] true, passage, words, merely, matter, position, suppose, regard, name, enough, natural, mention, difficulty, period, prove, having, regarded, himself, except, facts, really, naturally, supposed, definite, makes, assumed, alone, correct, actually, referred

[326 words] himself, true, truth, matter, criticism, merely, facts, really, real, passage, attempt, false, claim, accept, words, knowledge, belief, enough, regard, prove, makes, error, simply, wrong, statements, critics, surely, actually, serious, take

[296 words] period, early, development, influence, forms, developed, earliest, tradition, stage, beginning, became, become, changes, periods, characteristic, process, result, tendency, greater, true, sixth, introduced, throughout, marked, fourth, stages, longer, began, fifth_century, simple

[279 words] verb, genitive, plural, accusative, noun, dative, verbs, singular, forms, adjective, construction, nouns, ablative, passive, latin, adjectives, nominative, participle, usage, object, meaning, active, infinitive, uses, words, preposition, neuter, pronoun, sentence, phrase

[226 words] context, simply, position, hypothesis, argued, text, makes, claim, explain, suggestion, correct, grounds, reasons, alternative, actually, argue, moreover, attempt, surely, obvious, accept, argues, unlikely, enough, issue, sense, passage, presumably, difficulties, plausible

[206 words] verse, accent, syllable, foot, words, word, metrical, syllables, latin, short, caesura, rhythm, line, ictus, hexameter, elision, hiatus, feet, lines, verses, iambic, prose, pause, quantity, metre, position, stress, fourth, forms, trochaic

[173 words] subjunctive, future, verb, aorist, indicative, clauses, clause, perfect, imperfect, infinitive, optative, negative, tense, verbs, sentence, sentences, tenses, imperative, construction, latin, action, meaning, forms, indirect, participle, relative, force, temporal, expression, conditional

[150 words] your, something, take, things, thing, enough, done, really, anything, himself, look, mind, mean, away, going, want, keep, matter, sort, every, kind, doing, else, tell, suppose, having, ever, words, help, understand

[127 words] aber, wird, durch, oder, einer, wenn, werden, diese, sind, noch, hier, sein, nach, dieser, kann, einen, haben, sondern, einem, doch, seiner, seine, selbst, dann, schon, denn, mehr, ganz, dieses, ohne

[117 words] mind, power, true, sense, moral, truth, knowledge, things, idea, ideal, experience, himself, divine, spirit, individual, ideas, natural, conception, expression, reality, real, feeling, vision, attitude, toward, every, intellectual, beauty, something, action

[114 words] speech, words, himself, speaker, audience, lines, situation, scene, action, address, makes, line, speak, asks, addressed, response, begins, take, effect, immediately, reply, comes, your, speaking, speaks, moment, advice, beginning, passage, questions

[108 words] collection, information, athens, done, knowledge, received, collections, objects, carried, completed, valuable, investigation, progress, devoted, country, task, service, hope, greece, visit, sent, every, volume, gave, soon, museums, value, german, full, future

[105 words] analysis, sources, understanding, individual, information, context, questions, literary, texts, development, role, provide, structure, aspects, early, basic, complex, traditional, range, provides, data, function, significant, patterns, process, useful, pattern, attempt, limited, techniques

[68 words] esse, atque, enim, etiam, quid, neque, cicero, eius, nihil, quidem, esset, tamen, nisi, mihi, sibi, quibus, erat, causa, haec, fuit, omnia, modo, quem, autem, omnes, ipse, sine, quis, ille, rerum

[66 words] tibi, mihi, quid, ovid, nunc, haec, quis, tamen, esse, ille, illa, semper, ipse, erit, sine, quoque, fuit, amor, saepe, nobis, quem, licet, puer, bene, trist, habet, nostra, manus, modo, erat

[61 words] wanting, gothic, goth, anglo-saxon, lasc, verbs, umlaut, schade, weak, preterit, ablaut, cett, teutonic, german, words, english, pret, consonant, old_english, forms, medial, teut, fick, high-german, regular, old_norse, sing, beowulf, preterite, dialects

[60 words] latin, english, language, teacher, student, reading, teachers, teaching, pupils, words, vocabulary, knowledge, pupil, translation, method, classics, grammar, schools, training, learning, taught, education, teach, learn, value, instruction, every, high_school, languages, ability

[58 words] army, city, military, took, troops, himself, control, power, events, position, situation, policy, force, sent, return, revolt, attack, victory, peace, forces, defeat, action, soon, attempt, success, battle, enemy, became, command, remained

[57 words] role, context, image, contrast, sense, narrative, audience, reader, text, power, language, theme, images, function, traditional, reading, imagery, himself, becomes, makes, central, literary, complex, focus, meaning, perspective, status, level, process, emphasis

[57 words] word, meaning, sense, words, term, uses, phrase, passage, mean, context, passages, usage, applied, verb, expression, refer, language, refers, meanings, adjective, idea, meant, equivalent, elsewhere, describe, latin, technical, epithet, definition, simply

[51 words] himself, young, ever, whom, every, your, days, things, mind, wrote, spirit, enough, something, true, famous, friend, words, youth, country, poet, knew, high, become, love, take, poor, name, story, master, living

[47 words] studien, akademie, heidelberg, wissenschaften, sprache, stuttgart, uber, untersuchungen, grammatik, griechen, beitrage, bonn, alten, vols, neue, muller, forschungen, festschrift, handbuch, altertumswissenschaft, klassischen, diss, wien, burckhardt, literatur, lateinischen, lateinische, wilhelm, otto, philologie

[40 words] comments, suggestions, helpful, anonymous, help, version, advice, draft, assistance, valuable, referee, express, gratitude, referees, encouragement, professors, provided, reading, criticism, seminar, criticisms, generous, humanities, drafts, grant, colleagues, acknowledge, classics, delivered, errors

[35 words] passage, atque, virgil, lines, nunc, ovid, ille, vergil, lucan, line, haec, caput, inter, hinc, ipse, terra, passages, silius, sanguine, quem, illa, ante, omnia, arma, mare, manus, tibi, super, caelum, sidera

[33 words] source, text, sources, passage, information, works, passages, written, version, fragments, name, authors, quoted, tradition, literary, mention, fragment, extant, books, himself, wrote, early, writers, title, commentary, quotations, texts, derived, knowledge, collection

[33 words] pour, mais, nous, comme, cette, avec, sont, meme, deux, fait, bien, etre, aussi, elle, entre, tout, dont, leur, sans, autre, peut, etait, donc, avait, voir, autres, apres, ainsi, encore, chez

[33 words] passage, sense, text, meaning, sentence, words, word, reading, phrase, line, mean, translation, clause, context, lines, follows, editors, refer, difficulty, verb, makes, emendation, take, refers, preceding, expression, passages, correct, understood, translates

[30 words] himself, friends, political, personal, public, friend, whom, friendship, attitude, position, reputation, conduct, having, towards, toward, enemies, praise, private, cause, return, influence, claim, speech, charges, power, true, actions, themselves, felt, career

[27 words] france, bibliotheque, collection, lettres, ecole, siecle, gaule, jean, manuscrits, societe, nationale, acad, henri, grece, tome, grecs, insc, recueil, antiques, bagaudes, cernunnos, bordeaux, monnaies, travaux, saint, pierre, paul, ville, picard, lantier

[26 words] text, translation, edition, volume, introduction, books, pages, commentary, illustrations, translations, works, index, volumes, useful, page, maps, texts, english, chapter, editions, latin, reader, translated, contains, authors, chapters, excellent, review, scholarship, full

[25 words] language, words, effect, literary, poet, expression, tone, contrast, speech, passages, reader, manner, poetry, himself, rhetorical, passage, dramatic, prose, poetic, uses, technique, lines, characteristic, theme, writing, treatment, makes, serious, kind, familiar

[25 words] telemachos, chinese, american_journal_of_philology, tereus, china, elephants, japanese, procne, elephant, philomela, kabuki, japan, karlgren, nickel, robortello, nightingale, ninagawa, copyright, bactria, india, anyang, dynasty, bactrian, sophokles, turnebus, prokne, tatius, ky6gen, scur, hoopoe

[25 words] pottery, prehistoric, period, neolithic, region, cultures, finds, bronze_age, indians, hallstatt, stone, early, northern, palaeolithic, implements, hungary, objects, river, graves, valley, danube, central_europe, childe, vinca, excavated, bulgaria, mexico, amber, hungarian, county

[25 words] numbers, mathematical, mathematics, ratio, equal, euclid, geometry, square, geometrical, circle, ratios, pythagorean, triangle, division, line, plato, pythagoreans, proportion, archimedes, heath, arithmetic, archytas, theon, method, proclus, nicomachus, abacus, ptolemy, units, triangles

[24 words] latin, proceedings, review, volume, boston, weekly, american_philological_association, frank, charles, title, classical_philology, henry, translation, books, oldfather, edition, english, publications, philological, moore, gildersleeve, horace, edward, cloth, smith, entitled, fowler, scott, session, cicero

[21 words] aristotle, things, forms, plato, thing, sense, knowledge, objects, perception, something, object, matter, substance, sensible, distinction, true, senses, kind, mind, passage, equal, particulars, socrates, individual, definition, exist, unity, parmenides, species, thinking

[21 words] esse, enim, autem, etiam, haec, tamen, quidem, atque, quia, vero, apud, modo, quibus, quid, quoque, dicitur, neque, nihil, eius, quasi, inter, videtur, igitur, omnia, potest, loco, ergo, nisi, unde, illud

[21 words] block, blocks, upper, edge, bottom, face, holes, stone, length, lower, height, base, front, hole, wide, width, cutting, sides, diameter, feet, broken, vertical, corner, high, ends, edges, position, along, flat, slightly

[21 words] eyes, thou, your, night, earth, away, heart, thee, blood, forth, love, simile, sleep, beauty, tears, mind, poet, lines, heaven, hands, comes, words, gods, song, water, face, sound, passage, dark, sweet

[20 words] love, himself, fear, anger, passion, moral, violence, suicide, punishment, desire, woman, herself, contrast, suffering, makes, victim, gods, evil, power, pity, shame, fate, situation, grief, cause, violent, behavior, becomes, theme, madness

[19 words] plato, republic, dialogues, socrates, platonic, laws, phaedo, dialogue, timaeus, ideas, phaedrus, parmenides, sophist, aristotle, taylor, philosophy, philebus, philosophical, theaetetus, cratylus, platon, cornford, burnet, doctrine, gorgias, dialectic, critias, method, symposium, passage

[19 words] mycenaean, cyprus, pottery, aegean, period, mycenae, early, cycladic, mainland, tombs, bronze_age, greece, cyclades, tomb, crete, blegen, cypriot, tiryns, minoan, troy, late_helladic, figurines, iiib, graves, cypriote, late_bronze_age, lerna, wace, grave, middle_helladic

[19 words] motion, aristotle, movement, atoms, cause, body, void, epicurus, causes, bodies, moving, move, physics, things, motions, natural, infinite, rest, space, swerve, democritus, necessity, alexander, moved, object, matter, causal, movements, sense, moves

[18 words] sanskrit, indian, india, hindu, indra, agni, vedic, hertel, mans, sankhya, brahman, yoga, american_journal_of_philology, buddha, epic, veda, tantr, soma, megasthenes, magadhan, hymn, verse, pali, indic, paficatantra, rig-veda, versions, panini, avesta, thou

[18 words] hermes, diss, wilamowitz, studien, philologus, untersuchungen, stuttgart, literatur, gottingen, commentary, edition, heidelberg, philol, review, gnomon, dichtung, darmstadt, suppl, tapa, fraenkel, jaeger, repr, wiesbaden, norden, schmid, wilamowitz-moellendorff, amsterdam, dissertation, philosophie, uber

[17 words] christian, pagan, augustine, christians, christianity, jerome, church, eusebius, bishop, christ, ambrose, tertullian, prudentius, gregory, paul, letter, religious, persecution, pagans, basil, bishops, migne, clement, origen, new_testament, paganism, acts, chrysostom, gospel, letters

[17 words] atti, nella, florence, naples, nell, degli, sulla, italia, romano, alla, turin, archeologia, greca, istituto, napoli, onore, ricerche, pisa, bologna, antichita, italian, antico, classica, bari, mondo, sull, cultura, argues, secolo, greco

[17 words] written, page, text, lines, scribe, codex, manuscript, letters, line, writing, beginning, margin, leaves, papyrus, script, uncial, pages, capitals, manuscripts, words, column, copied, leaf, insular, recto, verses, folia, verso, roll, books

[14 words] folio, vienna, strassburg, laurens, maps, vols, heitz, kunstgeschichte, univ, aufl, text, architecture, edit, ills, oest, gruyter, impr, herausg, macmillan, deutsche, hans, renaissance, verlag, seemann, paul, heft, filser, augsburg, jahrhunderts, stuttgart

[13 words] line, letters, lines, inscription, letter, stone, text, name, space, fragment, reading, column, stroke, vertical, word, inscribed, beginning, alpha, sigma, iota, horizontal, epsilon, names, strokes, bottom, written, followed, lower, visible, upper

[13 words] root, lith, meaning, goth, base, germ, sense, kind, words, walde, deriv, dial, lett, norw, cognate, obulg, boisacq, strike, russ, swell, sea-fish, american_journal_of_philology, sharp, samoan, split, named, prius, roots, development, german

[10 words] women, marriage, children, woman, wife, family, child, slave, mother, husband, slaves, daughter, married, father, male, female, her_husband, parents, his_wife, status, wives, household, young, girl, bride, marry, birth, sons, girls, sexual

[10 words] russian, bosporus, ahau, black_sea, sinope, chersonesos, moscow, scythians, olbia, scythian, katun, russia, tolstoy, maya, soviet, pairisades, petersburg, bosporan, mithradates, polish, cyllarus, kiev, rostovtzeff, leucon, hylonome, satyros, leningrad, chichen, region, itza

[9 words] philosophy, literary, works, influence, philosophical, writers, tradition, greeks, intellectual, knowledge, ideas, writings, education, philosophers, poets, political, early, plato, period, wrote, written, romans, authors, writing, historians, attitude, moral, philosopher, poetry, himself

[9 words] cicero, letter, letters, atticus, written, caesar, quintus, brutus, correspondence, catiline, wrote, bailey, marcus, shackleton, tiro, writing, pompey, nepos, tyrrell, balbus, himself, friend, purser, terentia, lucceius, tullia, matius, atticum, trebatius, catilinarian

[9 words] aristotle, porphyry, proclus, boethius, commentary, quarterly, printed, great_britain, alexander, ross, plotinus, aristotelian, theophrastus, simplicius, metaphysics, works, oracles, jaeger, de_anima, philosophy, aristoteles, speusippus, categories, ammonius, aristote, damascius, doctrine, treatise, lamblichus, neoplatonic

[9 words] horse, horses, chariot, rider, chariots, charioteer, wheel, mules, donkey, mule, animal, animals, donkeys, reins, wheels, riders, driver, riding, charioteers, yoke, vehicle, pole, speed, quadriga, mares, equids, mane, mounted, breeding, oxen

[9 words] nach, durch, aber, einer, hatte, diese, wurde, noch, sein, dieser, werden, haben, gegen, wird, einen, oder, unter, jahre, zeit, uber, waren, seiner, seine, schon, wenn, sind, einem, hier, worden, zwischen

[8 words] trade, economic, population, local, production, city, italy, empire, cities, urban, commercial, period, early, economy, market, rural, goods, towns, roman_empire, wealth, products, region, commerce, slaves, industry, grain, decline, italian, distribution, agricultural

[8 words] verg, prop, lygd, lucr, kwis, compounds, ciris, fast, trist, plaut, lucretius, words, spondaic, tragica, catull, ganz, zingerle, aetna, dant, pont, subst, elegy, catal, calefacio, navibus, twice, fris, imma, hapaxes, ibis

[7 words] wall, walls, room, building, house, rooms, built, plan, houses, floor, entrance, door, court, stone, construction, buildings, central, palace, roof, structure, level, front, upper, chamber, wide, interior, space, rectangular, corner, open

[7 words] pattern, decoration, design, lines, painted, white, decorated, leaves, border, band, panel, ornament, black, bands, motif, central, panels, dots, lower, upper, patterns, palmette, designs, incised, decorative, motifs, palmettes, double, frieze, center

[7 words] eius, erat, ante, inter, anno, inde, fuit, milia, livy, apud, annos, usque, urbem, deinde, erant, quoque, urbis, atque, dies, etiam, nunc, bellum, quem, autem, loco, romae, diem, castra, quia, quibus

[7 words] tablets, names, lists, tablet, documents, texts, listed, items, records, text, written, name, document, writing, entries, entry, inscribed, item, numbers, recorded, archive, vindolanda, literacy, heading, inventory, archives, official, tokens, letters, groups

[7 words] i967, i962, i965, i960, i966, i964, i96i, i963, i968, i957, i955, i969, i959, i954, i958, i953, i956, i950, i949, i939, i952, i95i, i933, i934, i935, i948, i937, i970, i947, i938

[6 words] money, property, paid, payment, amount, price, talents, land, sale, value, financial, cost, received, wealth, gold, private, treasury, public, taxes, drachmas, sold, denarii, payments, income, sesterces, silver, debt, funds, contract, loan

[6 words] herodotus, persian, xerxes, darius, cyrus, persians, king, croesus, greeks, ctesias, story, persia, gyges, herodotos, achaemenid, persepolis, cambyses, aristagoras, histiaeus, sardis, histories, egypt, histiaios, hecataeus, lydian, herodotean, narrative, babylon, artaxerxes, ionian

[6 words] reading, sense, housman, text, line, word, editors, conjecture, emendation, bentley, corruption, passage, heinsius, correction, postgate, edition, baehrens, bailey, verse, manuscripts, shackleton, corrupt, palmer, wrote, meaning, conjectures, propertius, madvig, vollmer, latin

[6 words] socrates, plato, protagoras, knowledge, dialogue, justice, meno, gorgias, socratic, virtue, true, apology, euthyphro, himself, republic, thrasymachus, wisdom, things, callicles, truth, dialogues, sophists, crito, definition, vlastos, claim, irony, laws, xenophon, hippias

[6 words] name, names, named, etymology, nomen, naming, cognomen, word, his_name, praenomen, hermogenes, etymological, cognomina, latin, wordplay, cratylus, proper_names, patronymic, derived, proper_name, praenomina, nomina, etymologizing, title, etymologies, correctness, gentile, conventionalism, spelling, ethnic

[6 words] baetica, hispania, index, bellido, iler, schulten, arqueologia, lusitania, sobre, iberica, brill, carthago, tarraconensis, castulo, tarraco, nova, blazquez, tartessian, emerita, huelva, iberia, tartessos, galicia, cerro, rodriguez, conventus, citerior, mainake, sertorius, saguntum

[6 words] sept, prom, pers, iiii, dragon-houses, phoen, radt, schol, oche, styra, dragon-house, agam, vesp, interjection, lelegian, paschalius, victorius, johnson, herm, iiiii, karia, iiiiii, taur, moutsopoulos, wilam, dind, scoto, euboia, parcae, scor

[5 words] political, power, democracy, city, politics, citizens, rule, government, democratic, polis, laws, constitution, community, republic, aristocratic, empire, individual, freedom, ideal, aristocracy, citizen, economic, wealth, control, monarchy, tyranny, oligarchy, states, athens, institutions

[5 words] wine, food, drinking, drink, banquet, meal, feast, meat, water, dinner, guests, bread, eating, milk, feasting, fish, dining, honey, athenaeus, feasts, cooking, served, consumption, symposium, foods, cook, host, choes, diet, couch

[5 words] caesar, gaul, gallic, gauls, britain, romans, rhine, germans, holmes, ariovistus, celtic, camp, battle, hannibal, rhone, alps, helvetians, tribes, enipeus, keltic, german, stoffel, ferrero, pharsalus, helvetii, germany, orgetorix, dumnorix, pompey, gallia

[5 words] greeks, greece, peoples, cities, early, land, strabo, egypt, asia_minor, name, island, city, eastern, region, italy, islands, country, native, inhabitants, geographical, western, tribes, coast, tradition, northern, mediterranean, asia, civilization, romans, population