Thematic Index of Classics in JStor

Article Themes

This page lists the automatically detected themes present in this article. The words shown for each theme reflect the overall content of the theme, and may not appear in this particular article.

For each theme, you can also find other articles from the same year.

The work presented here was developed by David Mimno under the Cybereditions Project, an effort led by the Perseus Project at Tufts University and funded by the Mellon Foundation.

The Simile of the Cranes and Pygmies a Study of Homeric Metaphor

Leonard Muellner

Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. (1990) pp. 59-101

Full text at JStor

[908 words] role, context, image, contrast, sense, narrative, audience, reader, text, power, language, theme, images, function, traditional, reading, imagery, himself, becomes, makes, central, literary, complex, focus, meaning, perspective, status, level, process, emphasis

[623 words] animals, animal, birds, fish, bird, dogs, sheep, species, eagle, hunting, fable, goat, lion, wild, beasts, goats, pliny, wolf, cattle, swallow, creatures, hunt, deer, bones, lions, cock, young, aristotle, nightingale, simile

[568 words] homer, homeric, iliad, odyssey, epic, poet, poems, oral, poetry, tradition, parry, poets, poem, similes, traditional, composition, hesiod, formulaic, formula, heroic, poetic, lord, epics, simile, language, oral_poetry, singer, verse, narrative, formulas

[411 words] achilles, iliad, hector, agamemnon, homer, troy, ajax, odysseus, patroclus, priam, homeric, diomedes, trojans, greeks, nestor, battle, hero, trojan, heroes, thetis, poet, menelaus, zeus, achilleus, epic, warrior, achaeans, heroic, fight, hektor

[333 words] story, myth, ovid, apollo, stories, myths, version, tale, legend, metamorphoses, narrative, mythological, episode, tradition, phaethon, metamorphosis, versions, rape, daedalus, daughter, told, mythical, birth, theseus, aphrodite, pelops, hymn, zeus, tales, name

[284 words] eyes, thou, your, night, earth, away, heart, thee, blood, forth, love, simile, sleep, beauty, tears, mind, poet, lines, heaven, hands, comes, words, gods, song, water, face, sound, passage, dark, sweet

[250 words] dance, music, song, dancing, chorus, lyre, musical, performance, songs, singing, dances, choral, sing, dancers, dithyramb, aulos, sung, performed, instrument, flute, dancer, muses, solo, voice, lawler, opera, choruses, hymn, dithyrambic, lillian

[188 words] context, simply, position, hypothesis, argued, text, makes, claim, explain, suggestion, correct, grounds, reasons, alternative, actually, argue, moreover, attempt, surely, obvious, accept, argues, unlikely, enough, issue, sense, passage, presumably, difficulties, plausible

[168 words] word, meaning, sense, words, term, uses, phrase, passage, mean, context, passages, usage, applied, verb, expression, refer, language, refers, meanings, adjective, idea, meant, equivalent, elsewhere, describe, latin, technical, epithet, definition, simply

[160 words] kcai, tcov, icai, passage, kata, kati, kaci, icat, kcti, kait, nepi, kcat, oiov, tflv, epyov, pipilo, ckai, touto, xprjv, xpctv, xprv, otov, tiva, touq, xpcv, kcli, eoti, votto, iepov, tilv

[127 words] berkeley, trans, essays, leiden, commentary, los_angeles, ithaca, mass, baltimore, early, politics, ancient_greece, myth, tapa, tradition, clarendon_press, amsterdam, introduction, vols, phoenix, greece, diss, ann_arbor, stuttgart, origins, reading, arethusa, review, routledge, rhetoric

[108 words] painter, vases, vase, attic, beazley, amphora, athens, louvre, arv2, red-figured, krater, hydria, corinthian, boston, fragment, collection, painters, black-figured, lekythos, attributed, band, red-figure, early, painted, steiner, payne, black-figure, kylix, verlag, gmbh

[106 words] analysis, sources, understanding, individual, information, context, questions, literary, texts, development, role, provide, structure, aspects, early, basic, complex, traditional, range, provides, data, function, significant, patterns, process, useful, pattern, attempt, limited, techniques

[102 words] army, cavalry, battle, soldiers, military, troops, enemy, infantry, legions, fighting, camp, force, soldier, hoplite, units, phalanx, legion, hoplites, forces, armies, service, warfare, weapons, officers, shields, formation, attack, shield, iuniores, archers

[102 words] love, himself, fear, anger, passion, moral, violence, suicide, punishment, desire, woman, herself, contrast, suffering, makes, victim, gods, evil, power, pity, shame, fate, situation, grief, cause, violent, behavior, becomes, theme, madness

[78 words] scene, seated, relief, scenes, woman, holding, standing, shield, behind, holds, vase, stands, front, hands, female, representations, representation, spear, youth, wears, composition, male, painting, warrior, wearing, altar, reliefs, goddess, dionysos, frieze

[72 words] egyptian, egypt, dynasty, tomb, alexandria, king, nile, temple, egyptians, cairo, petrie, tombs, scarabs, period, osiris, isis, reign, sarapis, pyramid, ptolemaic, naukratis, royal, thebes, memphis, scarab, alexandrian, amarna, sesostris, middle_kingdom, rowe

[69 words] language, words, effect, literary, poet, expression, tone, contrast, speech, passages, reader, manner, poetry, himself, rhetorical, passage, dramatic, prose, poetic, uses, technique, lines, characteristic, theme, writing, treatment, makes, serious, kind, familiar

[67 words] heracles, herakles, lion, hero, theseus, perseus, serpent, bull, deianeira, snake, centaur, hercules, boar, gorgon, medusa, snakes, centaurs, monster, deianira, shield, andromeda, giant, hydra, myth, amphitryon, hyllus, club, eurystheus, lions, geryon

[65 words] hair, dress, worn, weaving, clothing, garment, purple, cloth, costume, wear, wearing, garments, loom, wool, women, clothes, cloak, textiles, toga, shoes, wore, linen, textile, woven, warp, tunic, robe, dressed, spinning, wild

[61 words] gods, zeus, divine, hesiod, prometheus, earth, hera, apollo, power, justice, prayer, mortal, hermes, athena, mortals, theogony, heaven, muses, goddess, myth, poseidon, poet, olympus, aphrodite, homer, fate, birth, divinity, dike, passage

[53 words] lines, line, words, verse, repetition, word, verses, phrase, position, pattern, beginning, structure, formula, sentence, repeated, effect, phrases, emphasis, metrical, poem, adjective, sense, verbal, clause, caesura, arrangement, passage, verb, preceding, formulae

[50 words] odysseus, odyssey, homer, penelope, telemachus, suitors, homeric, ithaca, poet, iliad, athena, return, hero, story, circe, eumaeus, menelaus, poem, home, cyclops, phaeacians, polyphemus, beggar, nestor, nausicaa, agamemnon, scene, calypso, epic, athene

[48 words] your, something, take, things, thing, enough, done, really, anything, himself, look, mind, mean, away, going, want, keep, matter, sort, every, kind, doing, else, tell, suppose, having, ever, words, help, understand

[45 words] fire, water, earth, wind, rain, winds, heat, cold, weather, night, lightning, storm, clouds, thunder, burning, eruption, snow, volcanic, cloud, winter, drought, darkness, smoke, hail, fires, flame, earthquakes, flames, pumice, phenomena

[41 words] apollo, cult, zeus, temple, athena, pausanias, delphi, sanctuary, athens, oracle, artemis, shrine, sacred, altar, demeter, poseidon, goddess, festival, paus, name, dedicated, statue, athenian, hero, aphrodite, delos, cults, inscription, dedication, city

[38 words] road, river, along, route, miles, valley, plain, hill, town, distance, land, mountain, across, coast, village, city, mountains, hills, roads, pass, line, region, bridge, island, southern, water, lake, lies, ground, places

[35 words] true, passage, words, merely, matter, position, suppose, regard, name, enough, natural, mention, difficulty, period, prove, having, regarded, himself, except, facts, really, naturally, supposed, definite, makes, assumed, alone, correct, actually, referred

[30 words] speech, words, himself, speaker, audience, lines, situation, scene, action, address, makes, line, speak, asks, addressed, response, begins, take, effect, immediately, reply, comes, your, speaking, speaks, moment, advice, beginning, passage, questions

[29 words] period, early, development, influence, forms, developed, earliest, tradition, stage, beginning, became, become, changes, periods, characteristic, process, result, tendency, greater, true, sixth, introduced, throughout, marked, fourth, stages, longer, began, fifth_century, simple

[29 words] pour, mais, nous, comme, cette, avec, sont, meme, deux, fait, bien, etre, aussi, elle, entre, tout, dont, leur, sans, autre, peut, etait, donc, avait, voir, autres, apres, ainsi, encore, chez

[29 words] mytilene, lesbos, daphnis, chloe, nazca, methymna, longus, antissa, eresos, lycaenion, iconym, refs, koldewey, kontis, dorcon, tauf, agony, taugt, laskaris, anxiety, charitonidis, iconymic, neikomachis, pedem, ruxat, gnathon, wolf, antissaeans, lamb, pettorano

[28 words] eros, love, beauty, lover, symposium, beautiful, phaedrus, plato, socrates, alcibiades, erotic, beloved, aphrodite, desire, lysis, diotima, agathon, speech, loved, sokrates, homosexual, dover, homosexuality, lovers, pederasty, eryximachus, sexual, loving, friendship, loves

[28 words] himself, true, truth, matter, criticism, merely, facts, really, real, passage, attempt, false, claim, accept, words, knowledge, belief, enough, regard, prove, makes, error, simply, wrong, statements, critics, surely, actually, serious, take

[28 words] medea, helen, jason, philoctetes, neoptolemus, apollonius, euripides, menelaus, argonauts, valerius, odysseus, argonautica, play, children, troy, argo, story, theseus, neoptolemos, aegeus, andromache, scene, epic, walcott, episode, herself, hermione, ariadne, fleece, pelias

[27 words] passage, kata, tovs, rpos, kara, trov, rovs, kalt, avrov, rapa, katl, tovto, repl, tols, words, aaaa, evov, passages, kacl, follows, evos, otov, rots, avtov, kcal, rept, elval, tovtov, rtov, a7ro

[27 words] hermes, diss, wilamowitz, studien, philologus, untersuchungen, stuttgart, literatur, gottingen, commentary, edition, heidelberg, philol, review, gnomon, dichtung, darmstadt, suppl, tapa, fraenkel, jaeger, repr, wiesbaden, norden, schmid, wilamowitz-moellendorff, amsterdam, dissertation, philosophie, uber

[27 words] ship, ships, fleet, boat, sail, voyage, harbor, wind, shore, sailing, oars, port, storm, vessels, sailors, harbour, vessel, boats, coast, trireme, hull, triremes, casson, naval, winds, water, cargo, wreck, shipwreck, stern

[26 words] aristotle, things, forms, plato, thing, sense, knowledge, objects, perception, something, object, matter, substance, sensible, distinction, true, senses, kind, mind, passage, equal, particulars, socrates, individual, definition, exist, unity, parmenides, species, thinking

[26 words] himself, young, ever, whom, every, your, days, things, mind, wrote, spirit, enough, something, true, famous, friend, words, youth, country, poet, knew, high, become, love, take, poor, name, story, master, living

[25 words] story, king, himself, told, tale, night, city, sent, house, killed, away, having, whom, father, took, home, stories, wife, his_father, version, woman, child, return, dream, his_wife, dead, gave, children, mother, hands

[25 words] marseille, gallia, langue, arles, entretiens, hardt, benoit, chantraine, glanum, zilao, provence, grecque, classique, flaminica, antiquite, banques, banque, rolland, quebec, prosop, gaul, nimes, gaule, flaminicae, narbonensis, ptol, latine, massalia, aries, oppida

[24 words] narrator, narrative, philodemus, voice, ekphrasis, poem, reading, ecphrasis, text, discourse, speech, audience, visual, poet, reader, poetry, shield, language, painting, apostrophe, neoptolemus, poiesis, deixis, poetic, poems, representation, crates, story, characters, viewer

[24 words] verb, genitive, plural, accusative, noun, dative, verbs, singular, forms, adjective, construction, nouns, ablative, passive, latin, adjectives, nominative, participle, usage, object, meaning, active, infinitive, uses, words, preposition, neuter, pronoun, sentence, phrase

[23 words] army, city, military, took, troops, himself, control, power, events, position, situation, policy, force, sent, return, revolt, attack, victory, peace, forces, defeat, action, soon, attempt, success, battle, enemy, became, command, remained

[23 words] women, marriage, children, woman, wife, family, child, slave, mother, husband, slaves, daughter, married, father, male, female, her_husband, parents, his_wife, status, wives, household, young, girl, bride, marry, birth, sons, girls, sexual

[22 words] synesius, hypatia, roques, lacombrade, cyrene, colluthus, alexandria, andronicus, garzya, hermeias, livrea, waterspout, brother, hermelin, tuesday, amarantus, brothers, dion, amous, ill-fated, jacqueline, eteocypriote, hoche, inflata, vogt, al-marwazi, cyrenaica, euoptius, ijekavski, proclus

[19 words] tree, trees, plant, plants, garden, fruit, bees, flowers, pliny, wild, olive, laurel, gardens, flower, apple, wood, seeds, leaves, columella, species, pine, theophrastus, cultivated, root, vine, vines, cavities, seed, planted, planting

[18 words] edition, scholia, text, codex, manuscripts, manuscript, saec, editions, libri, readings, bibl, parisinus, teubner, moschopulean, scaliger, aiax, dindorf, printed, codices, stephanus, turyn, commentary, moschopulus, scholium, collated, contains, vita, collation, vaticanus, leiden

[17 words] whitman, aron, walt, timotheus, cold, traubel, grow, ariston, spiros, tsavdaroglou, keil, opos, giraffe, gild, impulse, timotheos

[17 words] bronze, gold, objects, silver, iron, metal, ivory, ring, beads, rings, pieces, glass, tomb, stone, sword, object, handle, vessels, grave, wooden, weapons, blade, swords, jewelry, collection, shape, piece, bronzes, bowl, helmet

[16 words] games, athletic, contest, olympia, contests, victory, race, festival, festivals, athletes, victor, game, athletics, victors, wrestling, stadium, prize, events, olympic, gardiner, competition, pausanias, athlete, boxing, prizes, circus, gladiatorial, olympic_games, spectators, victories

[16 words] greeks, greece, peoples, cities, early, land, strabo, egypt, asia_minor, name, island, city, eastern, region, italy, islands, country, native, inhabitants, geographical, western, tribes, coast, tradition, northern, mediterranean, asia, civilization, romans, population

[16 words] horse, horses, chariot, rider, chariots, charioteer, wheel, mules, donkey, mule, animal, animals, donkeys, reins, wheels, riders, driver, riding, charioteers, yoke, vehicle, pole, speed, quadriga, mares, equids, mane, mounted, breeding, oxen

[16 words] comments, suggestions, helpful, anonymous, help, version, advice, draft, assistance, valuable, referee, express, gratitude, referees, encouragement, professors, provided, reading, criticism, seminar, criticisms, generous, humanities, drafts, grant, colleagues, acknowledge, classics, delivered, errors

[16 words] passage, sense, text, meaning, sentence, words, word, reading, phrase, line, mean, translation, clause, context, lines, follows, editors, refer, difficulty, verb, makes, emendation, take, refers, preceding, expression, passages, correct, understood, translates

[13 words] average, size, numbers, population, high, proportion, data, length, ratio, higher, units, frequency, rate, range, increase, groups, percentage, relative, estimate, amount, lower, statistics, value, significant, approximately, sample, distribution, mean, greater, unit

[13 words] inscription, tomb, tombs, fragments, bronze, objects, temple, stone, vases, marble, relief, inscribed, period, graves, statue, coins, early, grave, monument, representing, necropolis, fourth_century, terra-cotta, reliefs, containing, sixth, finds, pottery, insc, belonging

[13 words] himself, friends, political, personal, public, friend, whom, friendship, attitude, position, reputation, conduct, having, towards, toward, enemies, praise, private, cause, return, influence, claim, speech, charges, power, true, actions, themselves, felt, career

[13 words] callimachus, epigram, poem, epigrams, poet, poems, poetry, archilochus, hellenistic, poets, anth, simonides, theognis, lines, pfeiffer, aetia, fragment, meleager, callimachean, page, line, hymn, hipponax, poetic, tyrtaeus, palladas, literary, theocritus, elegy, epitaph

[12 words] dead, magic, burial, funeral, body, rites, magical, belief, divination, ritual, custom, tomb, buried, omen, corpse, power, omens, frazer, superstition, rite, cremation, bones, spirits, gods, practices, religious, deceased, lupercalia, funerary, romans

[12 words] sappho, hesiod, poem, homer, page, alcaeus, poets, fragment, poetry, anacreon, poet, stesichorus, pindar, poems, alcman, fragments, lyric, aphrodite, hymn, lines, lobel, girl, archilochus, ibycus, corinna, simonides, epic, bowra, papyrus, allen

[12 words] studien, akademie, heidelberg, wissenschaften, sprache, stuttgart, uber, untersuchungen, grammatik, griechen, beitrage, bonn, alten, vols, neue, muller, forschungen, festschrift, handbuch, altertumswissenschaft, klassischen, diss, wien, burckhardt, literatur, lateinischen, lateinische, wilhelm, otto, philologie

[12 words] athens, tyranny, tyrant, herodotus, themistokles, ostracism, solon, cleisthenes, aristotle, tyrants, hippias, athenian, peisistratos, miltiades, kleisthenes, herodotos, plutarch, kimon, perikles, jacoby, peisistratus, archon, thucydides, hipparchus, archonship, androtion, pisistratus, periander, exile, cypselus

[11 words] verse, accent, syllable, foot, words, word, metrical, syllables, latin, short, caesura, rhythm, line, ictus, hexameter, elision, hiatus, feet, lines, verses, iambic, prose, pause, quantity, metre, position, stress, fourth, forms, trochaic

[11 words] atti, nella, florence, naples, nell, degli, sulla, italia, romano, alla, turin, archeologia, greca, istituto, napoli, onore, ricerche, pisa, bologna, antichita, italian, antico, classica, bari, mondo, sull, cultura, argues, secolo, greco

[11 words] anche, alla, nella, sono, questo, essere, questa, parte, nell, degli, secondo, quale, sulla, solo, dalla, quella, quanto, prima, stato, stesso, loro, piiu, fatto, infatti, dopo, quello, egli, cosi, aristotele, nota

[11 words] narrative, events, chapter, section, books, beginning, story, sections, sequence, chapters, begins, follows, passage, composition, theme, structure, digression, followed, lines, opening, introduction, chronological, immediately, treatment, event, division, preceding, arrangement, passages, action

[10 words] source, text, sources, passage, information, works, passages, written, version, fragments, name, authors, quoted, tradition, literary, mention, fragment, extant, books, himself, wrote, early, writers, title, commentary, quotations, texts, derived, knowledge, collection

[10 words] sanskrit, indian, india, hindu, indra, agni, vedic, hertel, mans, sankhya, brahman, yoga, american_journal_of_philology, buddha, epic, veda, tantr, soma, megasthenes, magadhan, hymn, verse, pali, indic, paficatantra, rig-veda, versions, panini, avesta, thou

[10 words] a7ro, kata, icat, rapa, rpos, ical, kcal, wpos, wvos, v7re, column, orib, trov, a7roxxo, atea, evov, otos, rozs, ptov, rpls, tovs

[10 words] browning, balaustion, apology, nonnus, sayana, fifine, escc, paracelsus, pauline, vita, keydell, sordello, fair, imperante, accidit, parc, pippa, augusto, audacht, comoed, cunedda, natus, alciphron, keal, latrent, quotes, terpsicles, apprehension, atha, gerard

[9 words] iste, forem, essem, personal, force, bach, protasis, ille, ganuma, sache, apodosis, deictic, derogatory, future, traditionalists, pres, pronouns, minatory, problema, deiktikon, dramatists, isti, keller, mildred, ruth, istum, lxxvii, conj, interlocutor, subj

[9 words] mycenaean, cyprus, pottery, aegean, period, mycenae, early, cycladic, mainland, tombs, bronze_age, greece, cyclades, tomb, crete, blegen, cypriot, tiryns, minoan, troy, late_helladic, figurines, iiib, graves, cypriote, late_bronze_age, lerna, wace, grave, middle_helladic

[9 words] yevos, avros, avtos, eovos, saw-fish, sternbach, voov, kara, raxato, rypa, tcal, vovs, aeis, musurus, concerned, steph, ical, rapa

[9 words] line, lines, delos, inscr, lessee, delian, estates, bruneau, rheneia, idelos, hieropoioi, rental, rentals, estate, temple, leases, kent, lessees, mykonos, roussel, inventories, tenes, guarantor, listed, lacroix, lease, lxiii, saec, debtor, decennium

[8 words] forms, latin, root, stem, suffix, words, brugmann, word, ending, indo-european, stems, sanskrit, analogy, meaning, verb, beside, vowel, roots, verbs, formation, languages, language, italic, compounds, phonetic, sing, suffixes, perfect, originally, nouns

[8 words] mind, power, true, sense, moral, truth, knowledge, things, idea, ideal, experience, himself, divine, spirit, individual, ideas, natural, conception, expression, reality, real, feeling, vision, attitude, toward, every, intellectual, beauty, something, action

[8 words] hair, face, body, neck, front, eyes, legs, drapery, heads, lower, shoulder, nose, folds, upper, slightly, forehead, arms, mouth, female, short, shoulders, piece, relief, beard, chiton, broken, ears, behind, feet, wears

[8 words] aristophanes, comedy, comic, play, chorus, plays, poet, frogs, actors, clouds, euripides, stage, birds, audience, wasps, tragedy, knights, athenian, actor, tragic, acharnians, peace, dramatic, athens, dionysus, cratinus, poets, scene, lysistrata, theatre

[7 words] verbal, allen, trach, verbals, sikes, sophocles, schol, hermann, duport, passive, soph, cohn, cant, barnes, lobeck, omentum, agar, silently, verbalia, euripides, tiburti, fragment, instead, canter, herv, voss, schindler, adjective, composita, ludwich

[7 words] tablets, names, lists, tablet, documents, texts, listed, items, records, text, written, name, document, writing, entries, entry, inscribed, item, numbers, recorded, archive, vindolanda, literacy, heading, inventory, archives, official, tokens, letters, groups

[7 words] france, bibliotheque, collection, lettres, ecole, siecle, gaule, jean, manuscrits, societe, nationale, acad, henri, grece, tome, grecs, insc, recueil, antiques, bagaudes, cernunnos, bordeaux, monnaies, travaux, saint, pierre, paul, ville, picard, lantier

[7 words] cult, goddess, dionysus, religion, religious, gods, worship, cults, deity, ritual, sacred, deities, isis, divine, demeter, pentheus, mysteries, rites, dionysiac, divinity, dionysos, cybele, attis, aphrodite, nilsson, artemis, divinities, worshipped, initiation, mother

[6 words] xenophon, sparta, spartan, pausanias, spartans, hell, lysander, agesilaus, plutarch, hellenica, king, cyrus, agis, helots, plut, spartiates, diodorus, ephors, cleomenes, kings, rhetra, anabasis, herodotus, paus, clearchus, messenia, messenians, messenian, agesilaos, ephoros

[6 words] name, names, named, etymology, nomen, naming, cognomen, word, his_name, praenomen, hermogenes, etymological, cognomina, latin, wordplay, cratylus, proper_names, patronymic, derived, proper_name, praenomina, nomina, etymologizing, title, etymologies, correctness, gentile, conventionalism, spelling, ethnic

[6 words] block, blocks, upper, edge, bottom, face, holes, stone, length, lower, height, base, front, hole, wide, width, cutting, sides, diameter, feet, broken, vertical, corner, high, ends, edges, position, along, flat, slightly

[5 words] wall, walls, room, building, house, rooms, built, plan, houses, floor, entrance, door, court, stone, construction, buildings, central, palace, roof, structure, level, front, upper, chamber, wide, interior, space, rectangular, corner, open

[5 words] word, lexicon, liddell, pollux, semitic, hebr, hesychius, scott, hebrew, assyrian, etymology, meaning, words, latin, arabic, dictionary, frisk, derived, syriac, liddell-scott-jones, zdmg, borrowed, keller, name, dictionnaire, derives, bochart, boisacq, connected, arab

[5 words] reading, sense, housman, text, line, word, editors, conjecture, emendation, bentley, corruption, passage, heinsius, correction, postgate, edition, baehrens, bailey, verse, manuscripts, shackleton, corrupt, palmer, wrote, meaning, conjectures, propertius, madvig, vollmer, latin

[5 words] xocl, linnaeus, xail, xcai, xoct, xaci, syst, theseus, systema, trittyen, xacl, xata, giraldi, xcti, barbari, danai, nymphae, xaxov, aristot, gessner, hederich, heller, muncker, amoen, naturae, ryss, xcal, clipeo, hagberg, hoefnagel